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ASTM D901-91(1997)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Askarels (Withdrawn 2004)

Standard Test Methods for Askarels (Withdrawn 2004)

SCOPE
1.1 These methods cover procedures for testing askarels that are used in transformers and certain other electrical apparatus as an insulating and cooling medium. These methods are generally suitable for specification acceptance, factory control, reference testing, and research. The procedures appear in the following sections:  Test MethodASTM Designation of Test MethodChemical Tests:Neutralization NumberD664, D974Water ContentD1533Scavenger ContentD1701Chrlorine Compounds, HydrolyzableD1820, D2441Chlorides, InorganicD1821Thermal StabilityD1936Electrical Tests:Dielectric Breakdown VoltageD877Dissipation Factor and Relative PermittivityD924Specific ResistanceD1169Physical Tests:ViscosityD88, D455Fire PointD92Pour PointD97SamplingD923Refractive IndexD1218Visual ExaminationD1702Specific GravityD1810Coefficient of Thermal ExpansionD1903ColorD2129Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Environmental MaterialsD3304Polychlorinated Biphenyls in MineralInsulating Oils by Gas ChromatographyD4059
For askarels having a Saybolt Universal viscosity of over 110 s at 100oF, modifications of certain test procedures are necessary.  
1.2 As a precaution, insulating systems incorporating askarels and cellulose or other organic materials should be purged to remove any traces of flammable gases by bubbling dry nitrogen through the askarel and flushing the gas space with dry nitrogen before any work is performed on the apparatus.
1.3 Current governmental regulations prohibit the manufacture and sale of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This method serves as a reference for all askarels, PCB and non-PCB.
Note 1--Various materials have been used successfully in taking, storing, and testing samples of askarels. Until experience has developed a strong preference, materials referred to in these methods will be understood to be approved but not specified.
Note 2--Methods for handling and disposal of askarels and askarel-impregnated materials are given in a recent ANSI Committee C-107 Guide, Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor and Transformer-Grade Askarels Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls.
Note 3--For specifications for askarels, see Specifications D2233 and D2283.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Apr-1997
Withdrawal Date
12-Feb-2004
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.02 - Gases and Non-Mineral Oil Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D901-91(1997) - Standard Test Methods for Askarels (Withdrawn 2004)ASTM D901-91(1997) - Standard Test Methods for Askarels (Withdrawn 2004)
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ASTM D901-91(1997) - Standard Test Methods for Askarels (Withdrawn 2004)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 901 – 91 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Test Methods for
Askarels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 901; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 Current governmental regulations prohibit the manufac-
ture and sale of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing askarels
method serves as a reference for all askarels, PCB and
that are used in transformers and certain other electrical
non-PCB.
apparatus as an insulating and cooling medium. These methods
are generally suitable for specification acceptance, factory
NOTE 1—Various materials have been used successfully in taking,
control, reference testing, and research. The procedures appear
storing, and testing samples of askarels. Until experience has developed a
strong preference, materials referred to in these methods will be under-
in the following sections:
stood to be approved but not specified.
ASTM Designation of
NOTE 2—Methods for handling and disposal of askarels and askarel-
Test Method Test Method
Chemical Tests: impregnated materials are given in a recent ANSI Committee C-107
Neutralization Number D 664, D974
Guide, Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor and
Water Content D 1533
Transformer-Grade Askarels Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls.
Scavenger Content D 1701
NOTE 3—For specifications for askarels, see Specifications D 2233 and
Chlorine Compounds, Hydrolyzable D 1820, D2441
D 2283.
Chlorides, Inorganic D 1821
Thermal Stability D 1936
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Electrical Tests:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Dielectric Break- D 877
down Voltage
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Dissipation Factor and Relative Per- D 924
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mittivity
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
Specific Resistance D 1169
Physical Tests: tionary statements are given in 1.2.
Viscosity D 88, D455
Fire Point D 92
2. Referenced Documents
Pour Point D 97
Sampling D 923 2.1 ASTM Standards:
Refractive Index D 1218 3
D 88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
Visual Examination D 1702
D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
Specific Gravity D 1810
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion D 1903 Open Cup
Color D 2129
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Envi- D 3304
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
ronmental Materials
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Mineral D 4059
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
Insulating Oils by Gas Chroma- 4
Viscosity)
tography
D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
For askarels having a Saybolt Universal viscosity of over
by Potentiometric Titration
110 s at 100°F, modifications of certain test procedures are
D 877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
necessary.
Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
1.2 As a precaution, insulating systems incorporating
D 923 Test Methods for Sampling Electrical Insulating
askarels and cellulose or other organic materials should be
Liquids
purged to remove any traces of flammable gases by bubbling
D 924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
dry nitrogen through the askarel and flushing the gas space
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
with dry nitrogen before any work is performed on the
cal Insulating Liquids
apparatus.
1 2
These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-27 on Available from the American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand are the direct responsibility of Subcom- 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
mittee D27.02on Synthetics. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1991. Published November 1991. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
published as D 901 – 46 T. Last previous edition D 901 – 86. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 901
D 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color- 5.2 Since askarel is not subject to deterioration by oxida-
Indicator Titration tion, small changes in the neutralization value of used askarels
D 1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) of may indicate the solution of basic or acidic materials from the
Electrical Insulating Liquids various solid materials in contact with the askarel or the
D 1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive deterioration of such soluble materials to form basic or acidic
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids materials. A large change in acidity may indicate decomposi-
D 1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids (Karl tion of the askarel by an electric arc.
Fischer Reaction Method)
6. Procedure
D 1701 Test Methods for Scavenger Content of Askarels
6.1 Determine the neutralization number in accordance with
D 1702 Method for Visual Examination of Used Chlori-
nated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) in the Field Test Method D 974. Neutralization number may also be deter-
mined in accordance with Test Method D 664 if it is desired to
D 1810 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Askarels
D 1820 Test Method for Hydrolyzable Chlorine Com- use an electrometric titration method.
pounds in Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels)
5 WATER CONTENT
D 1821 Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides in Askarels
D 1903 Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
7. Definition
of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and
7.1 water content of an askarel—that amount of water,
Askarels
expressed in parts per million, by weight which is present in
D 1936 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Chlorinated
the liquid.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels)
D 2129 Test Method for Color of Water White Electrical
8. Significance and Use
Insulating Liquids
8.1 The test is significant in that it will show the presence of
D 2233 Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocar-
water which may not be evident from electrical tests.
bons (Askarels) for Capacitors
8.2 Changes in water content of an askarel in service may be
D 2283 Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocar-
5 indicative of undesirable operating conditions requiring cor-
bons (Askarels) for Transformers
rection.
D 2441 Test Method for Hydrolyzable Chlorine Com-
pounds in Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels)
9. Procedure
by Refluxing
9.1 Determine the water content of askarel in accordance
D 2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-
with Test Methods D 1533.
uids and Gases
D 3304 Method for Analysis of Environmental Materials
SCAVENGER CONTENT
for Polychlorinated Biphenyls
D 4059 Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphe- 10. Description of Term Specific to This Standard
nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography
10.1 scavenger—askarels are decomposed by an electric arc
with the evolution of HCl gas. A scavenger is or may be added
3. Terminology Definitions
to the askarel which reacts chemically with HCl gas to form a
3.1 For definitions of terms not defined in these methods, nonvolatile reaction product, serving a useful function in
see Terminology D 2864. improved preservation of the arced apparatus.
CHEMICAL TEST METHODS
11. Significance and Use
11.1 Measurement of scavenger content indicates the
NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER
amount of protection available against arc-formed gases and
permits estimation of the amount of make-up additive required.
4. Definitions
12. Procedure
4.1 total acid number—the number of milligrams of potas-
sium hydroxide (KOH) required to react with1gof askarel
12.1 Determine the scavenger content of askarels in accor-
when tested as prescribed.
dance with Test Methods D 1701.
4.2 strong base number—the number of milligrams of KOH
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS,HYDROLYZABLE
equivalent to the acid required to react with1gof askarel when
tested as prescribed.
13. Scope
13.1 This method provides a quantitative measure of the
5. Significance and Use
stability of the askarel to hydrolysis under prescribed test
5.1 In the inspection of unused askarels, the neutralization
methods.
value is of importance as a quality index of purity.
14. Significance and Use
14.1 Unstable compounds, if present in amounts beyond the
Discontinued, see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03. acceptable limit, may be deleterious to askarel-filled apparatus.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 901
15. Procedure 24. Referee Tests
15.1 Determine the hydrolyzable chlorine compounds as 24.1 For referee tests, make breakdowns in an atmosphere
parts per million of chloride ion in accordance with Test having a relative humidity not exceeding 55 %. At higher
Method D 1820. Where service conditions require the detec- humidities, the dielectric breakdown voltage of the test
tion of certain chlorine addition compounds that do not respond samples may be materially lowered by the absorption of
fully to the temperature used in Test Method D 1820, Test atmosphere moisture.
Method D 2441 may be used.
DISSIPATION FACTOR AND PERMITTIVITY
CHLORIDES,INORGANIC
25. Definition
16. Significance and Use
25.1 For definitions of dissipation and relative permittivity
16.1 In the presence of water, chlorides can ionize. Their refer to Definitions D 2864.
corrosive action can then be detrimental to the life of the
26. Significance and Use
apparatus in which the askarel is used.
26.1 The dissipation factor of an askarel is essentially
17. Procedure
proportional to the energy dissipated as heat in the askarel,
other factors remaining constant. In many types of electrical
17.1 Determine the inorganic chlorides in accordance with
equipment, it is necessary or highly desirable to keep the heat
Test Method D 1821.
loss in the dielectric to a minimum. Since askarel is not subject
to oxidation, an increased dissipation factor value may be
THERMAL STABILITY
attributed to the presence of dissolved polar contaminants in
the askarel.
18. Description of Term Specific to This Standard
26.2 The relative permittivity of an askarel is a measure of
18.1 thermal stability of chlorinate aromatic hydrocarbon
its relative ability to store electrostatic energy. It is of consid-
materials—their resistance to thermal decomposition which
erable importance in the design of certain electrical apparatus
results in the liberation of chloride ions.
and may also be useful as an indication of the composition and
purity of the askarel.
19. Significance and Use
19.1 Adequate thermal stability is required for satisfactory
27. Procedure
use of these materials as dielectric fluids.
27.1 Determine the dissipation factor and relative permit-
tivity of askarels in accordance with Test Method D 924,
20. Procedure
observing the precaution that in cells used for testing askarels,
20.1 Determine the thermal stability of the askarel as parts
phenolic insulation should not be used at any point where it
per million of reactive chlorine in accordance with Test
comes in contact with the liquid.
Method D 1936.
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE
ELECTRICAL TEST METHODS
28. Definition
DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
28.1 specific resistance (resistivity)—the ratio of the d-c
potential gradient in volts per centimetre paralleling the current
21. Definitions
flow within the specimen, to the current density in amperes per
21.1 Refer to Definitions D 2864.
square centimetre at a given instant of time and under
prescribed conditions. This is numerically equal to the resis-
22. Significance and Use
tance between opposite faces of a centimetre cube of the liquid.
The units are ohm-centimetres.
22.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage of an askarel is of
importance as a measure of its ability to withstand electrical
29. Significance and Use
stress without failure. It may also indicate the presence of
contaminating materials, such as water, conducting solid par-
29.1 The resistivity of a liquid is a measure of its electrical
ticles, dissolved contaminants, or the decomposition products insulating properties under conditions comparable to those of
resulting from an electric arc. A high dielectric breakdown
the test. High resistivity reflects low content of free ions and
voltage, however, is not a certain indication of the absence of ion-forming particles, and normally indicates a low concentra-
all contaminants.
tion of conductive contaminants.
23. Procedure 30. Procedure
23.1 Except as stated in Section 24, determine the dielectric 30.1 Determine the specific resistance (resistivity) of elec-
breakdown voltage of askarels in accordance with Test Method trical insulating liquids in accordance with Test Method
D 877. D 1169.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 901
PHYSICAL TEST METHODS being seriously impeded. The pour point of a capacitor askarel
is also of importance in the design of certain types of capacitors
VISCOSITY
for low-temperature applications.
31. Description of Term Specific to This Standard
39. Procedure
31.1 viscosity of an askarel—its resistance to uniformly
39.1 Determine the pour point in accordance with Test
continuous flow, without turbulence, inertia, or other forces,
Method D 97.
and is usually determined by measuring the time of flow of a
SAMPLING
given quantity of the liquid under controlled conditions.
Viscosity of askarels varies with temperature, and for that
40. Description of Term Specific to This Standard
reason is always designated at a specified temperature.
40.1 sampling—the obtaining of an adequate portion that is
32. Significance and Use representative of an entire quantity or of a particular cross
section of material. In some cases the detection of contami-
32.1 Viscosity is a controlling factor in the dissipation of
nants that are not ordinarily dispersed uniformly in an askarel,
heat by convection in insulating and cooling liquids. This is
su
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.  
4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of power factor (sine of the loss angle) and may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For decimal values up to 0.05, dissipation factor and power factor values are equal to each other within about one part in one thousand. In general, since the dissipation factor or power factor of insulating oils in good condition have decimal values below 0.005, the two measurements (terms) may be considered interchangeable.  
4.1.2 The exact relationship between dissipation factor (D) and power factor (PF ) is given by the following equations:
The reported value of D or PF may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For example:
4.2 Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)—Insulating liquids are used in general either to insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, alone or in combination with solid insulating materials, or to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, a low value of relative permittivity is often desirable in order to have the capacitance be as small as possible, consistent with acceptable chemical and heat transfer properties. However, an intermediate value of relative permittivity may sometimes be advantageous in achieving a better voltage distribution of ac electric fields between the liquid and solid insulating materials with which the liquid may be in series. When ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.  
1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 11.3.3.  
1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8180-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.  
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5222-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8240-22e1(Specification)
Standard Specification for Less-Flammable Synthetic Ester Liquids Used in Electrical Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment  
1.2 Synthetic ester insulating liquids differ from conventional mineral oil and other less-flammable (high fire point) liquids in that they are products derived from the chemical reaction, processing, and physical treatments of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define synthetic ester electrical insulating liquids that are compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and are expected to maintain their functional characteristics in these applications. The material described in this specification is not always miscible with other electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the synthetic ester insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to unused synthetic ester insulating liquids as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or liquid, or both, if questions of recommended characteristics or liquid maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Electrical Insulating Liquids in the Field

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to electrical insulating liquids that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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