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ASTM E1891-97(2002)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient

Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The different procedures and methods are designed to be used to produce survival data after microorganisms are exposed to antimicrobial agents in order to calculate values that can be used to analyze and rationalize the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents when tested using other, often applied test methods.
The data from these test procedures may be used in the selection and design of other tests of effectiveness of antimicrobial agents, some of which may be required by regulatory agencies to establish specific claims. Basic kinetic information about killing rate often serves as the initial information on which a testing program can be built.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2002
ICS
11.080.20 - Disinfectants and antiseptics
Technical Committee
E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents
Drafting Committee
E35.15 - Antimicrobial Agents
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1891-97 - Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E1891-10 - Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient
Effective Date
15-Feb-2010

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ASTM E1891-97(2002) - Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration CoefficientASTM E1891-97(2002) - Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient
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ASTM E1891-97(2002) - Standard Guide for Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a D-Value and Concentration Coefficient
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1891–97 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Guide for
Determination of a Survival Curve for Antimicrobial Agents
Against Selected Microorganisms and Calculation of a
1
D-Value and Concentration Coefficient
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
A variety of testing procedures have been devised almost from the beginning of disinfection and
antisepsis as disciplines. From the first, there was a recognition of the importance of time and rates
of kill. After many decades and numerous test procedures involving carriers, the approach of
establishing a death rate curve (often described as a survivor curve) is reclaiming its importance in
establishing the basic kinetics of the killing process after exposure to antimicrobial chemicals.
D-values (historically, log death time or decimal reduction time), kill or survivor curves, processing
calculations and rates of kill are discussed in many texts. There is extensive theoretical discussion but
little applied material on how to perform testing to establish kill curves and D-values and associated
calculations.
The guideline form has been selected to permit the inclusion of background information and a
model procedure for determining D-values and their calculation.Arelated function, the concentration
coefficient (h) can be calculated from a series of D-values calculated for different concentrations of
the test antimicrobial and defines the loss of activity as the material is diluted. This information has
value for application in disinfectants because many are sold to be diluted in use.
Specific procedural details are presented in descriptions of methods routinely used to establish a kill
curve. The user should establish a protocol for the process that best fits their needs.
An experimental kill curve provides data for a calculated D-value derived from test data used to
construct the kill curve.
BACKGROUND
Scientists concerned about antimicrobial testing have debated the value of suspension tests in
contrast to tests using simulant carriers with dried microorganisms. U.S. regulation has been
committedtocarriertests,whileEuropeanshaveemphasizedsuspensiontestscombinedwithpractical
applied test using materials as carriers on which the disinfectant actually will be used.
The examination of the kinetics of kill for various disinfectants provides basic information on the
activity of antimicrobials. The early history of microbiology reveals a strong momentum directed
towardclarificationofthesereactions.Fromtheearliestyearsofmicrobiology,theideasofrate-of-kill
and killing reactions as first order reactions (from chemical kinetics) have been involved in the
estimation of antimicrobial activity.
Kronig and Paul (1897) were the early pioneers who developed the concept of bacterial destruction
as a process. They used anthrax spores dried on garnet crystals and assessed the survivors by plating
washings from the garments after treatment with disinfectants. Chick (1908) found that the number of
survivors after disinfectant exposure, when plotted against time of treatment, produced a straight line
thatshowedsimilaritytochemical,eqstetimolecularreactions.Distortionsintheexpectedstraight-line
reactions were noted by Chick as well as in subsequent investigations. Over the years, the most
common type of deviation from the expected, straight-line survivor curve is a sigmodial one
displaying a shoulder, a lag or delay in logarithmic kill, and ending in distinct tailing, sometimes
indicating a resistant population.
There has been a variety of procedures advanced for accumulating data that can be used to calculate
D-values and construct survivor curves.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1891–97 (2002)
Esty and Meyer (1922) introduced the terminology we currently use in relation to bacterial kill
whether for spores, vegetative bacterial cells, or mycobacteria in devising thermal processing to
eliminate Clostidium botulinium in the canning industry. They also devised end-point analysis for
interpretation of the results of heat exposure and for processing calculations.Their procedure involved
sampling multiple tubes or other containers of product and analysis of the number remaining positive
to determine the number of survivors by Most Probable Number (MPN) analysis using the pattern of
2
positive and negative tubes. (1) This analysis is done after an exposure period whe
...

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