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ASTM D6039/D6039M-02

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and Covered

Standard Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and Covered

ABSTRACT
This specification covers five types and two styles of open and one type, and one style of covered wood crates designed for net loads not exceeding 4000 lb [1814 kg]. Open crates are suitable for shipment of items, which are not readily susceptible to damage from outside forces, and which require only limited protection against the elements. In general, style A crates have heavier components and are to withstand rather severe handling and multiple shipments (heavy-duty), while style B crates should be confined to handling and shipping that impose only light to moderate hazards on the container (light-duty). Types I, IV, and V crates are general purpose types; type II crates are designed for items such as ladders, tubing, extrusions, or wallboard which do not require blocking, bracing, or cushioning; and type III, style B crates are designed for such self-supporting material as channels, angles, or other structural members where the container serves only as a means for more convenient stacking and handling. The construction and assembly method for open and covered wood crates are presented in details. A crate shall be completely assembled to ensure achievement of a container which can be properly and easily assembled which is square, and is of the proper size. Evaluate the clarity and logic of the assembly instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers five types and two styles of open and one type, and one style of covered wood crates designed for net loads not exceeding 4000 lb [1814 kg]. Open crates are suitable for shipment of items, which are not readily susceptible to damage from outside forces, and which require only limited protection against the elements.
1.2 If environmental protection is necessary, use of a shroud or a covered crate should be considered. With the exception of Type III, Style B crates, the crates included in this specification are for use in domestic and overseas shipment of net loads not over 4000 lb [1814 kg]. Use shall be confined to items falling within the dimensions and weight limitations of the types and grades specified in .
1.3 In general, Style A crates have heavier components and are to withstand rather severe handling and multiple shipments (heavy-duty), while Style B crates should be confined to handling and shipping that impose only light to moderate hazards on the container (light-duty). Types I, IV, and V crates are general purpose types; Type II crates are designed for items such as ladders, tubing, extrusions, or wallboard which do not require blocking, bracing, or cushioning; and Type III, Style B crates are designed for such self-supporting material as channels, angles, or other structural members where the container serves only as a means for more convenient stacking and handling.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 If the use of other construction methods or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see ), the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle specified in Practice D 4169 can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2002
ICS
55.160 - Cases. Boxes. Crates
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.12 - Shipping Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6039/D6039M-96 - Standard Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and Covered
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D6039/D6039M-08 - Standard Specification for Open and Covered Wood Crates
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6253-16 - Standard Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3951-18 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6256/D6256M-16 - Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes with Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3953-15(2022) - Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4727/D4727M-22 - Standard Specification for Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut Shapes
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002

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ASTM D6039/D6039M-02 - Standard Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and CoveredASTM D6039/D6039M-02 - Standard Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and Covered
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ASTM D6039/D6039M-02 - Standard Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and Covered
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 6039/D 6039M – 02
Standard Specification for
1
Crates, Wood, Open and Covered
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6039/D 6039M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.6 If the use of other construction methods or techniques is
acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.13), the resulting packaging
1.1 This specification covers five types and two styles of
systems shall be of equal or better performance than would
open and one type, and one style of covered wood crates
result from the use of these specified materials and procedures.
designed for net loads not exceeding 4000 lb [1814 kg]. Open
The appropriate distribution cycle specified in Practice D 4169
crates are suitable for shipment of items, which are not readily
can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.
susceptible to damage from outside forces, and which require
only limited protection against the elements.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 If environmental protection is necessary, use of a shroud
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or a covered crate should be considered. With the exception of
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
Type III, Style B crates, the crates included in this specification
ments
are for use in domestic and overseas shipment of net loads not
D 1990 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for
over 4000 lb [1814 kg]. Use shall be confined to items falling
Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests
within the dimensions and weight limitations of the types and
of Full-Size Specimens
grades specified in Table 1.
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
1.3 In general, Style A crates have heavier components and
D 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
are to withstand rather severe handling and multiple shipments
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
(heavy-duty), while Style B crates should be confined to
tainers and Systems
handling and shipping that impose only light to moderate
D 4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping
hazards on the container (light-duty). Types I, IV, and V crates
Materials
are general purpose types;Type II crates are designed for items
D 6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-
such as ladders, tubing, extrusions, or wallboard which do not
ers and Pallets
require blocking, bracing, or cushioning; and Type III, Style B
F 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,
crates are designed for such self-supporting material as chan-
and Staples
nels, angles, or other structural members where the container
2.2 ASME/ANSI Standards:
serves only as a means for more convenient stacking and
3
A208.1 Mat-Formed Wood Particleboard
handling.
3
B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws Inch Series
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall
3
B18.5 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series)
be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
3
B18.22.1 (B18.22M) Plain Washers
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
2.3 APA Standard:
must be used independently of the other, without combining
PRP-108 Performance Standards and Policies for
values in any way.
4
Structural-Use Panels
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.4 National Motor Freight Traffıc Association Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on the ASTM website.
3
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on Shipping Available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engi-
Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures. neering Center, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017.
4
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originally Available from the Engineered Wood Assoc., P.O. Box 11700, Tacoma, WA
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 6039/D 6039M-96. 98411-0700.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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4.1 Dimensions are important properties in the general construction of a box, and accurate methods of measurement are required for research work, routine control, and acceptance testing for conformance to specifications. For packages to carry and protect their contents effectively and efficiently, boxes and interior components must be properly and consistently sized. Correctly dimensioned and well-made boxes can be more easily set up by hand or be erected using automatic equipment. “Square” boxes (rectangular parallelepipeds) will stack better to accept load and improve stability during storage and shipment.  
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Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes

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SCOPE
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1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wirebound pallet-type wood boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 2500 lb [1134 kg] (see 4.1 and 10.1).  
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ASTM D6573/D6573M-13(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

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This specification covers the fabrication of new wire-bound general purpose panelboard shipping boxes for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of materials and supplies. This specification does not include wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Methods other than those detailed here may be used for the construction of the boxes, provided, that the finished products are of equal or better performance than those produced using the recommended procedures. The boxes are grouped into three types according to the load each box can carry, three classes according to shipment specifications, three styles, and two grades. It is recommended that the boxes be made from recycled materials, lumber, wires, and fasteners that meet the requirements of this specification. Each box side and joint should be assembled according to the recommended procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wirebound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for Class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.  
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Standard Practice for Selection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and Box Construction Based on Performance Requirements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice assists users in selecting appropriate performance characteristics of corrugated fiberboard or box construction, or both, commensurate with their user’s needs for packing and distribution of goods. This practice describes several attributes of fiberboard and boxes which relate to various hazards encountered in distribution and describes test parameters which may be specified by the user to ensure sufficient strength in the box for containment, storage, handling, transport and protection of contents.  
4.2 The user should specify only those attributes and related tests which are required for performance to the users satisfaction including their operations and distribution cycle(s). When using the carriers’packaging rules as the major basis for developing specifications, the reason for the rule and its function and importance should be understood. As previously stated, rules and regulations may be exceeded and should be when the minimum specifications are inadequate for the full effects of the distribution cycle, etc.. If the user decides to employ box compression strength or a rough handling performance protocol as the overriding specification, it should be noted that all minimum standards required by various organizations shall also be met or surpassed if using the related certificate. These minimum standards can be stated in the box drawing so as to ensure adherence to rules and regulations. If a Box Manufacturer’s Certificate (BMC) is printed on the box, then the ECT or Mullen Burst/Basis Weight values shall meet or exceed the minimum requirements for size and weight of the packaged product.  
4.3 See Appendix X7 for several examples of specification determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated fiberboard for the prospective user who wants guidance in selecting attributes of materials and box construction based on performance requirements. These attributes should be part of specifications which establish levels of the qualities a shipping container shall have achieved in order to be acceptable to the purchaser or user. The attributes and qualities should be testable, using standard methods that are recognized by both the buyer and seller. This practice will assist users in developing specifications for corrugated containers through an analysis of performance requirements and subsequent relationships to fiberboard materials and box construction attributes. This practice is meant to complement the box buyer–box manufacturer relationship by having the buyer (user) better understand, discuss, and negotiate needed elements of box design and specification. The full box design process is complex, and it is beyond the scope of this standard.  
1.2 The attributes and their levels should be based on the intended use of the box, including the handling and environment it will encounter. Many packaging rules include detailed descriptions of the materials that may be used and style, closure, or other construction details of allowed shipping containers. These rules are presented as minimum requirements; they may be exceeded for functional reasons, but there is no regulatory reason to do so. Rail and motor freight classifications applicable for surface common carrier transportation have established minimum requirements for certain attributes of corrugated packaging. These may or may not be appropriate for application in the complete distribution system, as they encompass only containerboard or combined corrugated board — not finished boxes — and are not intended to provide for the distribution and storage system beyond the transportation segment.  
1.2.1 The attribute levels contained herein are based on U.S. practice and specifications. Some attributes such as flute dimensions and basis weights may be defined differently in other countries.  
1.3 There are four common methods used for specifying boxes.  
1.3.1 A common approach is to examine boxes cur...

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ASTM
ASTM D6804-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve ergonomic and handling problems associated with large or awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper hand hole design and use.  
4.1.1 Boxes for handling by a single person.  
4.1.2 Boxes that are too large or awkward to be handled well by a single person (4.4.1).  
4.2 Ergonomics:  
4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environment for material handlers who may be required to lift or transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to define and varies with the package in question. Several ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine loading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger and foot protection.  
4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disorders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back problems continue to represent the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.4  
4.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material handler's hands closer to the body. With large or awkward boxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position can solve this problem.  
4.2.4 Maximum weight for lifting is not generally specified by safety organizations. However, when considerations of repetition, movement, and other ergonomics are taken into account, a typical maximum load per single person is often limited to 40 to 50 lb per package.  
4.3 NIOSH:  
4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting.5 This document may be of assistance in developing proper hand holes and their placement for a specific package.  
4.3.2 Hand holes for single person box handling are generally intended for vertical symmetric lifting with some rotation and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes during manual handling of boxed cargo.  
1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure performance. It is not intended to provide specific information on the design of hand holes.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use..  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6055-96(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are designed for use in most cases with the actual equipment to be used in load handling.  
4.2 These test methods may be used in evaluating the shipping unit as to suitability for mechanical handling by standard user-specified load-handling equipment.  
4.3 These test methods will allow the user to determine integrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidance to improve the design of the unit load where deficiencies are found.  
4.4 Damage to products or packages observed during testing may be expected to correlate at least in a qualitative way to damage observed in actual distribution handling systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of unitized loads and large cases and crates, but not individual drums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the contents to endure normal handling, using standard mechanical handling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable to all products containers and loads. These test methods are applicable to common means of material handling, including pull pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipment as follows:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Fork Truck Handling—For testing the ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlings by this test method.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Spade Lift Test—For lifting by spade lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this test method.  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Clamp Handling Test—For lifting by hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated side compression and lifting.  
1.1.4 Test Method D—Push-Pull Handling Test—For testing the ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstand repeated handling by this test method.  
1.1.5 Test Method E—Grabhook Test—For lifting by grabhooks to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks.  
1.1.6 Test Method F—Sling Tests—For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.  
1.2 Additional Test Methods:  
1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mechanical handling and rough handling tests of unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D880; horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D4003.  
1.2.2 Practice D4169 provides a series of options for selecting and running performance tests on all types of shipping containers and systems.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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