ASTM E2779-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet Heaters
Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet Heaters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used for determining average emission rates and average emission factors for pellet heaters.
The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.
The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.
The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from pellet heaters.
The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour and grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel.
Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.
Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from fires in pellet or other granular or particulate biomass burning room heaters and fireplace inserts.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2779 − 10
Standard Test Method for
Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet
Heaters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2779; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Refuse-Derived Fuel
E871 Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
Wood Fuels
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
E2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
fires in pellet or other granular or particulate biomass burning
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
room heaters and fireplace inserts.
2.2 Other Standards:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
CSA B415.1 (3rd Edition) Performance Testing of Solid-
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Fuel-Burning Heating Appliances
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
PFI StandardSpecificationforResidential/CommercialDen-
tion only and are not considered standard.
sified Fuel
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in Terminology E631.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.1 automatically controlled heater, n—a heater where the
burn rate is controlled by a means other than the direct action
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of adjustment of a burn rate control device by the heater user.
D1102 Test Method for Ash in Wood
Thisincludesheaterswiththermostats,proportionalcontrollers
D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
orotherelectronicormechanicaldevicesthatcontroltheheater
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
operation in response to a room or other temperature set point.
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
D5373 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of
3.2.2 burn pot, n—thevesselorotherdefinedareawithinthe
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Laboratory Samples
firebox where fuel and air meet to initiate combustion.
of Coal and Coke
3.2.3 burn rate, n—therateatwhichtestfuelisconsumedin
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
the pellet heater during a test run. Measured in kilograms (lb)
E711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-
(dry basis) per hour.
Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn
3.2.4 firebox, n—the chamber in the pellet heater in which
2011)
primary combustion of the fuel occurs.
E777 Test Method for Carbon and Hydrogen in theAnalysis
Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel 3.2.5 fuel feed system, n—mechanism for delivering fuel
from the hopper to the burn pot.
E778 Test Methods for Nitrogen in the Analysis Sample of
3.2.6 fuel grade, n—variations in the properties of fuel
within any given fuel type. For wood pellets, grading is in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
accordance with PFI Standard Specification for Residential/
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54
CommercialDensifiedFuelisanexample.Forotherfueltypes,
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. DOI: certain physical or chemical properties may be used to differ-
10.1520/E2779-10.
entiate between higher and lower fuel grades.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.7 fuel hopper, n—container where fuel is held before
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
being delivered to the burn pot by the fuel feed system.
the ASTM website.
3.2.8 fuel type, n—for a pelletized fuel, the fuel type is
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. definedbythematerialthatwaspelletized(forexample,“wood
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2779 − 10
pellets” or “switch grass pellets”), and for non-pelletized fuel, pelletheaterburnpotfromafuelstoragehopperusinganauger
the fuel type is defined by the material itself (for example, or other fuel feeding mechanism. An integrated test run is
“corn,” “walnut hulls” or “cherry pits”). conductedincludingthreeburnratesegmentsrangingfromlow
to maximum. The length of time of each burn rate segment
3.2.9 manually controlled heater, n—a heater where the
determines the weighting given to each segment in the inte-
burn rate is controlled by the direct action of adjustment of a
grated test result. The weight of the fuel is measured as the
burn rate control device by the heater user.
change in weight of the heater from the beginning to end of
3.2.10 manufacturer’s written instructions, n—specific in-
each burn rate segment of the test run. Burn rate for each test
formation regarding the fueling and operation procedures
run segment is determined based on the weight of the fuel
recommended by the heater manufacturer and included with
consumed during the segment divided by the length of the
the heater. These instructions must be consistent with informa-
segment and corrected to a dry fuel basis. Particulate sampling
tion provided to the heater end-user in the owner’s manual or
begins after the heater has been in operation at the burn rate
equivalent.
settingforthefirsttestrunsegmentforatleastonehourandthe
3.2.11 owner’s manual, n—written information provided to
test run is terminated after the integrated test run cycle is
the heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-
complete. The total particulate emissions are determined over
mended fueling and operating procedures that will help the
the full integrated test run length. The average particulate
heater user to achieve the best heater performance. It is also
emissions rate is then determined from the total particulate
referred as the installation and operation guide or other
emissions determined usingTest Method E2515 divided by the
equivalent title.
length of the integrated test run and is reported in grams of
particulate per hour. The average particulate emission factor
3.2.12 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
may also be determined from the total particulate emissions
resulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this test
divided by the total dry basis weight of the fuel consumed
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
during the integrated test run and is reported in grams of
E2515.
particulate per dry kilogram of fuel. If the efficiency of the
3.2.13 pellet burning heater, n—a heater specifically de-
heater is measured, average particulate emissions may also be
signed to burn pellet, granular or particulate fuels only, and
reported in grams of particulate per unit of average heat
which includes a fuel hopper and fuel feed system as integral
delivered over the integrated test run. A separate test run is
parts.
required for each fuel type specified by the manufacturer for
3.2.14 pellet heater venting, n—venting system or compo-
use with the heater. If more than one grade of a given fuel type
nentsspecifiedforusewiththepelletheaterbythepelletheater
is recommended by the manufacturer in the manufacturer’s
manufacturer.
written instructions for use in the heater, the test fuel shall be
3.2.15 test facility, n—the area in which the pellet heater is the lowest recommended grade.
installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.16 test fuel, n—for any fuel type recommended by the
5.1 This test method is used for determining average emis-
manufacturer in the manufacturer’s written instructions or the
sion rates and average emission factors for pellet heaters.
owner’s manual for use in the pellet heater, the test fuel when
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
more than one fuel grade is recommended is the lowest
performance during product development.
recommended grade of that fuel type.
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
3.2.17 test fuel weight, n—the mass of fuel burned in the
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
pellet heater during the test run or test run segment.
sion performance limits.
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
3.2.18 test run, n—an integrated emission test cycle includ-
regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality
ing test run segments ranging from minimum to maximum
from pellet heaters.
burn rates.
5.2 Thereportingunitsaregramsofparticulateperhourand
3.2.19 test run segments, n—individual portions of the test
grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel.
run conducted at the minimum, medium and maximum burn
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions
rates achievable by the pellet heater.
from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.
3.2.20 wood heater, n—an enclosed, wood burning appli-
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric
ancecapableofandintendedforspaceheatingand/ordomestic
emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
water heating.
6. Safety
4. Summary of Test Method
6.1 Disclaimer—This test method may involve hazardous
4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with Test materials,operations,andequipment.Thistestmethodmaynot
Method E2515. The pellet heater under evaluation is fueled address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
with the fuel type or types specified by the pellet heater the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish
manufacturer.Thefueltypesmaybeanypelletized,granularor appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the
particulate biomass fuel for which the pellet heater has been applicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing this
designed to combust. The fuels must be able to be fed to the test method.
E2779 − 10
7. Equipment and Supplies 9.2.1 Setupthepelletheaterinaccordancewithinstructions
provided by the manufacturer. Place the pellet heater centrally
7.1 Platform Scale—A scale capable of weighing the test
on the platform scale. The total vent height measured from the
pellet heater and attached venting, including the weight of the
topoftheplatformscaleshallbe4.6 60.3m(15 61ft)unless
test fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibration
otherwise specified in the manufacturer’s written instructions.
requirements specified in 8.1.
The venting type used shall be in accordance manufacturer’s
7.2 Pellet Heater Flue Gas Temperature Measurement
written instructions.
Device—A3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolated
NOTE 1—The venting that is used for testing should be documented in
junction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gas
the test data and test report.
temperature with an accuracy of 2.2°C (4.0°F) or 0.75 % of the
9.2.2 Center the vent outlet under the dilution tunnel hood.
reading, which ever is greater. Must meet calibration require-
Refer to Test Method E2515 for specific requirements includ-
ments specified in 8.2.
ing positioning the flue outlet to meet induced draft and smoke
capture requirements.
8. Calibration and Standardization
9.2.3 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
8.1 Platform Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
thecenterofthevent,2.6 60.15m(8.5 60.5ft)abovethetop
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)oftheplatform
of the platform scale.
scale before its initial use.The scale manufacturer’s calibration
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification 9.3 Fuel:
9.3.1 Fuel Properties—A representative sample of the fuel
test, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighing
at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre- used for any test run, shall be analyzed for Higher Heating
Value in accordance with Test Method E711. Moisture content
spondstobetween20and80 %oftheexpectedtestfuelcharge
weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra- shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithTestMethodsD4442or
Test Method E871.
tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1 % of the expected test
fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the scale 9.3.1.1 If determining optional thermal efficiency and heat
outputinaccordancewith9.5.1andAnnexA1,arepresentative
before use with at least five calibration weights spanning the
operational range of the scale. sample of the fuel used for any test run shall be analyzed for
ash in accordance with Test Method D1102 and carbon,
8.2 Temperature Sensors—Temperature measuring equip-
hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen (ultimate analysis) in accor-
ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-
dance with Test Methods E777 and E778, or Practice D3176
annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with
and Test Methods D5373.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mono-
9.3.2 Fuel Temperature—The test fuel temperature shall be
graph 175–Standard Limits of Error.
within the allowable test facility temperature range as in
accordance with Test Method E2515. The fuel temperature
9. Procedure
may be determined by measuring the temperature of the room
9.1 Pre-conditioning of the Pellet Heater—The pellet heater
where the test fuel has been stored for at least 24 hours
must be pre-conditioned before a test series begins.
immediately prior to use in a test run.
9.1.1 Set up the pellet heater in accordance with written
9.4 Test Run Requirements:
instructions provided by the manufacturer. The total vent
9.4.1 Integrated Test Run—A single test run comprised of
height measured from the floor or top of the platform scale
minimum, medium and maximum burn rate segments shall be
shall be 4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft) unless otherwise specified in
conducted. The burn rate requirements for each segment,
the manufacturer’s written instructions. The venting type used
except as allowed in 9.4.1.4 or 9.4.1.5, as well as the length of
shall be in accordance manufacturer’s written instructions.
time for each segment are specified in Table 1.
9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
9.4.1.1 Maximum Burn Rate—For the maximum burn rate
the center of the flue, 2.6 6 0.15 m (8.5 6 0.5 ft) above the
category, the pellet heater shall be operated with the control or
floor or top of the platform sca
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