ASTM E2779-10(2017)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet Heaters
Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet Heaters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining average emission rates and average emission factors for pellet heaters.
5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from pellet heaters.
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour and grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel.
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from fires in pellet or other granular or particulate biomass burning room heaters and fireplace inserts.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2779 − 10 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Pellet
Heaters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2779; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn
2011)
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
E777 Test Method for Carbon and Hydrogen in theAnalysis
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
Sample of Refuse-Derived Fuel (Withdrawn 2017)
fires in pellet or other granular or particulate biomass burning
E778 Test Methods for Nitrogen in Refuse-Derived Fuel
room heaters and fireplace inserts.
Analysis Samples
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E871 Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Wood Fuels
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
E2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
tion only and are not considered standard.
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.2 Other Standards:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
CSA B415.1 (3rd Edition) Performance Testing of Solid-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Fuel-Burning Heating Appliances
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
PFI Standard Specifications for Residential/Commercial
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Densified Fuel
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
in Terminology E631.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.1 automatically controlled heater, n—a heater where the
burn rate is controlled by a means other than the direct action
2. Referenced Documents
of adjustment of a burn rate control device by the heater user.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Thisincludesheaterswiththermostats,proportionalcontrollers
D1102 Test Method for Ash in Wood
orotherelectronicormechanicaldevicesthatcontroltheheater
D3176 Practice for Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke
operation in response to a room or other temperature set point.
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
3.2.2 burn pot, n—thevesselorotherdefinedareawithinthe
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
firebox where fuel and air meet to initiate combustion.
D5373 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Hydro-
3.2.3 burn rate, n—therateatwhichtestfuelisconsumedin
genandNitrogeninAnalysisSamplesofCoalandCarbon
the pellet heater during a test run. Measured in kilograms (lb)
in Analysis Samples of Coal and Coke
(dry basis) per hour.
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-
3.2.4 firebox, n—the chamber in the pellet heater in which
primary combustion of the fuel occurs.
3.2.5 fuel feed system, n—mechanism for delivering fuel
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
from the hopper to the burn pot.
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2779-10. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E2779-10R17. www.astm.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Pellet Fuels Institute (PFI), 2150 N 107th St, Suite 205, Seattle,
the ASTM website. WA 98133, http://www.pelletheat.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2779 − 10 (2017)
3.2.6 fuel grade, n—variations in the properties of fuel 3.2.20 wood heater, n—an enclosed, wood burning appli-
within any given fuel type. For wood pellets, grading is in ance capable of, and intended for, space heating and/or
accordance with PFI Standard Specification for Residential/ domestic water heating.
CommercialDensifiedFuelisanexample.Forotherfueltypes,
certain physical or chemical properties may be used to differ-
4. Summary of Test Method
entiate between higher and lower fuel grades.
4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with Test
3.2.7 fuel hopper, n—container where fuel is held before
Method E2515. The pellet heater under evaluation is fueled
being delivered to the burn pot by the fuel feed system.
with the fuel type or types specified by the pellet heater
manufacturer.Thefueltypesmaybeanypelletized,granularor
3.2.8 fuel type, n—for a pelletized fuel, the fuel type is
particulate biomass fuel for which the pellet heater has been
definedbythematerialthatwaspelletized(forexample,“wood
designed to combust. The fuels must be able to be fed to the
pellets” or “switch grass pellets”), and for non-pelletized fuel,
pelletheaterburnpotfromafuelstoragehopperusinganauger
the fuel type is defined by the material itself (for example,
or other fuel feeding mechanism. An integrated test run is
“corn,” “walnut hulls” or “cherry pits”).
conductedincludingthreeburnratesegmentsrangingfromlow
3.2.9 manually controlled heater, n—a heater where the
to maximum. The length of time of each burn rate segment
burn rate is controlled by the direct action of adjustment of a
determines the weighting given to each segment in the inte-
burn rate control device by the heater user.
grated test result. The weight of the fuel is measured as the
3.2.10 manufacturer’s written instructions, n—specific in- change in weight of the heater from the beginning to end of
formation regarding the fueling and operation procedures
each burn rate segment of the test run. Burn rate for each test
recommended by the heater manufacturer and included with run segment is determined based on the weight of the fuel
the heater. These instructions must be consistent with informa-
consumed during the segment divided by the length of the
tion provided to the heater end-user in the owner’s manual or segment and corrected to a dry fuel basis. Particulate sampling
equivalent.
begins after the heater has been in operation at the burn rate
settingforthefirsttestrunsegmentforatleastonehourandthe
3.2.11 owner’s manual, n—written information provided to
test run is terminated after the integrated test run cycle is
the heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-
complete. The total particulate emissions are determined over
mended fueling and operating procedures that will help the
the full integrated test run length. The average particulate
heater user to achieve the best heater performance. It is also
emissions rate is then determined from the total particulate
referred as the installation and operation guide or other
emissions determined usingTest Method E2515 divided by the
equivalent title.
length of the integrated test run and is reported in grams of
3.2.12 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
particulate per hour. The average particulate emission factor
resulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this test
may also be determined from the total particulate emissions
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
divided by the total dry basis weight of the fuel consumed
E2515.
during the integrated test run and is reported in grams of
particulate per dry kilogram of fuel. If the efficiency of the
3.2.13 pellet burning heater, n—a heater specifically de-
heater is measured, average particulate emissions may also be
signed to burn pellet, granular or particulate fuels only, and
reported in grams of particulate per unit of average heat
which includes a fuel hopper and fuel feed system as integral
delivered over the integrated test run. A separate test run is
parts.
required for each fuel type specified by the manufacturer for
3.2.14 pellet heater venting, n—venting system or compo-
use with the heater. If more than one grade of a given fuel type
nentsspecifiedforusewiththepelletheaterbythepelletheater
is recommended by the manufacturer in the manufacturer’s
manufacturer.
written instructions for use in the heater, the test fuel shall be
3.2.15 test facility, n—the area in which the pellet heater is
the lowest recommended grade.
installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.16 test fuel, n—for any fuel type recommended by the
manufacturer in the manufacturer’s written instructions or the
5.1 This test method is used for determining average emis-
owner’s manual for use in the pellet heater, the test fuel when
sion rates and average emission factors for pellet heaters.
more than one fuel grade is recommended is the lowest
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
recommended grade of that fuel type.
performance during product development.
3.2.17 test fuel weight, n—the mass of fuel burned in the
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
pellet heater during the test run or test run segment.
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
sion performance limits.
3.2.18 test run, n—an integrated emission test cycle includ-
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
ing test run segments ranging from minimum to maximum
regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality
burn rates.
from pellet heaters.
3.2.19 test run segments, n—individual portions of the test
run conducted at the minimum, medium, and maximum burn 5.2 Thereportingunitsaregramsofparticulateperhourand
rates achievable by the pellet heater. grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel.
E2779 − 10 (2017)
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions 9.1.3 Operate the pellet heater for at least 48 hours at a
from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg. medium burn rate as defined in 9.5.1 using any fuel specified
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric by the manufacturer for use in the appliance. The hours of
emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ. operation do not need to be continuous. Additional pre-
conditioning is not required when additional fuel types are
6. Safety
tested in the same test series.
9.1.4 Record the time and weight for all fuel added.
6.1 Disclaimer—This test method may involve hazardous
9.1.5 Record the flue-gas temperature at least once during
materials,operations,andequipment.Thistestmethodmaynot
each hour of operation.
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
9.1.6 Allow the pellet heater to cool to room temperature
the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish
and remove all ash, or other debris from the firebox.
appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the
9.1.7 Clean the venting system using a standard chimney
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing this
brush appropriately sized for the chimney.
test method.
9.2 Install the pellet heater in the test facility.
7. Equipment and Supplies
9.2.1 Setupthepelletheaterinaccordancewithinstructions
provided by the manufacturer. Place the pellet heater centrally
7.1 Platform Scale—A scale capable of weighing the test
on the platform scale. The total vent height measured from the
pellet heater and attached venting, including the weight of the
topoftheplatformscaleshallbe4.6 60.3m(15 61ft)unless
test fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibration
otherwise specified in the manufacturer’s written instructions.
requirements specified in 8.1.
The venting type used shall be in accordance manufacturer’s
7.2 Pellet Heater Flue Gas Temperature Measurement
written instructions.
Device—A3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolated
junction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gas NOTE 1—The venting that is used for testing should be documented in
the test data and test report.
temperature with an accuracy of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F) or 0.75 % of
the reading, which ever is greater. Must meet calibration
9.2.2 Center the vent outlet under the dilution tunnel hood.
requirements specified in 8.2.
Refer to Test Method E2515 for specific requirements includ-
ing positioning the flue outlet to meet induced draft and smoke
8. Calibration and Standardization
capture requirements.
9.2.3 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
8.1 Platform Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
thecenterofthevent,2.6 60.15m(8.5 60.5ft)abovethetop
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)oftheplatform
of the platform scale.
scale before its initial use.The scale manufacturer’s calibration
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
9.3 Fuel:
test, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighing
9.3.1 Fuel Properties—A representative sample of the fuel
at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-
used for any test run, shall be analyzed for Higher Heating
spondstobetween20and80 %oftheexpectedtestfuelcharge
Value in accordance with Test Method E711. Moisture content
weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-
shallbedeterminedinaccordancewithTestMethodsD4442or
tion weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1 % of the expected test
Test Method E871.
fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the scale
9.3.1.1 If determining optional thermal efficiency and heat
before use with at least five calibration weights spanning the
outputinaccordancewith9.5.1andAnnexA1,arepresentative
operational range of the scale.
sample of the fuel used for any test run shall be analyzed for
ash in accordance with Test Method D1102 and carbon,
8.2 Temperature Sensors—Temperature measuring equip-
hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen (ultimate analysis) in accor-
ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at le
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.