ASTM E2780-10(2017)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters
Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission rates and emission factors for wood heaters.
5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from wood heaters.
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour, grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per megajoule of heat output.
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
5.3 The fuel load specified in this test method is a lumber crib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPA Method 28. Cribs were specified in EPA Method 28 to provide a reproducible and repeatable test method. In normal operation the majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood with irregular shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists to indicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standard yield results that are predictive of performance using cordwood fuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 which provides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is provided so that those interested in measuring emissions performance with cordwood will have a consistent method to follow. A comparative database using the two fueling procedures will provide data to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlate to test results using cordwood fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts as well as determining heat output and efficiency.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2780 − 10 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood
Heaters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Heating Appliances
EPAMethod28CertificationandAuditingofWoodHeaters
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
3. Terminology
wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
as well as determining heat output and efficiency.
in Terminology E631.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2.1 burn rate, n—therateatwhichtestfuelisconsumedin
only.
awoodheater.Measuredinkilograms(lb)(drybasis)perhour.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 combustion air control, n—an air control device that
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
regulates air to the wood heater that is primarily intended
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
promote pyrolysis of the fuel load.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.2.3 Douglas fir, n—untreated, standard, or better grade
Douglasfirlumberwithagencygradestamp:D.FirorDouglas
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Fir.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.4 firebox, n—the chamber in the wood heater in which
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the test fuel charge is placed and combusted.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.5 fuel piece, n—2×4or4×4 wood pieces used to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
construct test fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width and
depthdimensionsforcommonlyavailabledimensionallumber.
2. Referenced Documents
1 1
The actual dimensions are 38 × 89 mm (1 ⁄2×3 ⁄2 in.) and 89
1 1
2.1 ASTM Standards: ×89mm(3 ⁄2×3 ⁄2 in.).
E631Terminology of Building Constructions
3.2.6 fuel piece length, n—the length of fuel pieces used to
E2515Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
construct the test fuel crib measured in mm (in.).
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
3.2.7 firebox height, n—unless otherwise specified in the
2.2 Other Standards:
manufacturer’s written instructions included with the heater,
ANSI/UL-103Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Resi-
firebox height is the vertical distance extending above the
dential Type and Building Heating Appliance
loading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, but
CSA B415.1Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-Burning
not more than 2 inches above the top (peak height) of the
loadingdoor,tothefloorofthefirebox(i.e.,belowapermanent
grate) if the grate allows a 1-inch diameter piece of wood to
1 passthroughthegrate,or,ifnot,tothetopofthegrate.Firebox
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54 height is not necessarily uniform but must account for varia-
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
tions caused by internal baffles, air channels, or other perma-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally
nent obstructions. A visible indicator or landmark within the
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2780–10. DOI:
10.1520/E2780-10R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org.
the ASTM website. AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd., Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
Northbrook, IL 60062, http://www.ul.com. http://www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2780 − 10 (2017)
firebox that will provide a clear indication to the heater user of 3.2.22 test run, n—an individual emission test which en-
the maximum height that fuel should be loaded, and is compasses the time required to consume the mass of the test
specifically referenced in the manufacturer’s written fuel crib.
instructions, may be used to determine firebox height for the
3.2.23 test series, n—a group of test runs on the same wood
purposes of calculating usable firebox volume.
heater.
3.2.8 firebox length, n—the longest horizontal fire chamber
3.2.24 usable firebox volume, n—the volume of the firebox
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
determinedusingitsheight,length,andwidthasdefinedinthis
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
section.
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.
3.2.25 wood heater, n—an enclosed, wood burning appli-
3.2.9 firebox width, n—the shortest horizontal fire chamber
ancecapableofandintendedforspaceheatingand/ordomestic
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
water heating.
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.
4. Summary of Test Method
3.2.10 kindling, n—wood pieces used to initiate combustion
4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with Test
of the pre-burn fuel. Kindling may be ignited using crumpled
Method E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueled
newspaper.
with kindling, pre-burn fuel and a test fuel load. Each test run
is a hot-to-hot cycle. Individual test runs are conducted at burn
3.2.11 manufacturer’s written instructions, n—specific in-
rates ranging from low to maximum burn rates. The fuel load
formation regarding the fueling and operation procedures
configurationisdeterminedbasedontheusablefireboxvolume
recommended by the heater manufacturer and included with
of the heater plus the firebox dimensions and geometry.
the heater.These instructions must be consistent with informa-
Kindlingandcrumplednewspaperareusedtoigniteapre-burn
tion provided to the heater end-user in the owner’s manual or
fuel load(s) that is burned to heat the wood heater to normal
equivalent.
operating temperature and to establish a charcoal bed.The test
3.2.12 owner’s manual, n—written information provided to
fuelloadisplacedonthecharcoalbedandgiventimetoignite
the heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-
before the air control(s) is (are) set to the test run condition.
mended fueling and operating procedures that will help the
When the full weight of the test fuel load has been burned, the
heater user to achieve the best heater performance. It is also
test run is terminated. Burn rate is determined based on the
referred as the installation and operation guide or other
weightofthetestfuelloaddividedbythelengthoftestrunand
equivalent title.
correctedtoadryfuelbasis.Particulatesamplingbeginsbefore
3.2.13 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
the test fuel load is added and stops when the test run
resultingfromcombustionofsolidfuel,asspecifiedinthistest
terminates.Thetotalparticulateemissionsaredeterminedover
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
the test run length. The particulate emissions rate is then
E2515.
determined from the total particulate emissions divided by the
lengthofthetestrunandisreportedingramsofparticulateper
3.2.14 pre-burn fuel, n—wood pieces used to pre-heat the
hour. The particulate emission factor may also be determined
wood heater and establish a charcoal bed prior to the test run.
from the total particulate emissions divided by the dry basis
3.2.15 secondary combustion air control, n—an air control
weight of the test fuel load and is reported in grams of
device that regulates air to the wood heater that is primarily
particulate per dry kilogram of fuel.This test method may also
intended to provide the additional oxygen needed to promote
be used in conjunction with CSAB415.1 for determining heat
secondary combustion of the combustible materials released
output and efficiency. If heat output is determined, particulate
during pyrolysis of the fuel load.
emissionsperunitofheatdeliveredmayalsobecalculatedand
3.2.16 test facility, n—the area in which the wood heater is is reported in grams of particulate per megajoule.
installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.17 test fuel crib, n—the arrangement of the test fuel
pieces and test fuel spacers. 5.1 This test method is used for determining emission rates
and emission factors for wood heaters.
3.2.18 test fuel density, n—the dry basis density of the test
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
fuel pieces that comprise the test fuel crib.
performance during product development.
3.2.19 test fuel loading density, n—theweightoftheas-fired
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
test fuel crib per unit volume of usable firebox.
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
3.2.20 test fuel pieces, n—the individual fuel pieces (nomi- sion performance limits.
nal2×4and4×4 dimensional lumber) that comprise the test 5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
fuel crib. regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality
from wood heaters.
3.2.21 test fuel spacers, n—wood pieces used to space fuel
pieces apart in the test fuel crib. Their function is to provide 5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour,
reproducible fuel crib geometry and air spaces between fuel grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of
pieces. particulate per megajoule of heat output.
E2780 − 10 (2017)
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions 0.75% of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet
from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg. calibration requirements specified in 8.4.
5.2.2 Appropriatereportingunitsforpredictingatmospheric
7.7 Insulated Solid Pack Chimney—Chimney used for in-
emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
stallation of wood heater in the test facility. Solid pack
5.3 The fuel load specified in this test method is a lumber insulated chimneys shall have a minimum of 2.5 cm (1 in.)
crib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPA solid pack insulating material surrounding the entire flue and
Method 28. Cribs were specified in EPAMethod 28 to provide possess a label demonstrating conformance to ANSI/UL-103,
areproducibleandrepeatabletestmethod.Innormaloperation Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Residential Type and
the majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood with Building Heating Appliance.
irregular shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists to
8. Calibration and Standardization
indicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standard
yieldresultsthatarepredictiveofperformanceusingcordwood
8.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrate as in accordance with
fuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 which
the manufacturer’s instructions before each certification test.
provides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is provided so
8.2 Platform Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
that those interested in measuring emissions performance with
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)oftheplatform
cordwood will have a consistent method to follow.Acompara-
scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration
tive database using the two fueling procedures will provide
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
data to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlate
test, audit the scale with the test wood heater in place by
to test results using cordwood fuel.
weighing at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that
corresponds to between 20 and 80% of the expected test fuel
6. Safety
charge weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the
6.1 Disclaimer—This test method may involve hazardous
calibration weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1% of the
materials,operations,andequipment.Thistestmethodmaynot
expected test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recali-
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
brate the scale before use with at least five calibration weights
the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish
spanning the operational range of the scale.
appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the
8.3 Test Fuel Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing this
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)ofthetestfuel
test method.
scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
7. Equipment and Supplies
test, audit the scale with the wood heater in place by weighing
7.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrated electrical resistance
at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-
meter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1%
spondstobetween20and80%oftheexpectedtestfuelcharge
moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirements
weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-
specified in 8.1.
tion weight within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb) or 1% of the expected
test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the
7.2 Test Fuel Scale—Ascalecapableofweighingtestfuelto
scale before use with at least five calibration weights spanning
within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb). Must meet the calibration require-
the operational range of the scale.
ments specified in 8.3.
8.4 Temperature Sensors—Temperature measuring equip-
7.3 Platform Scale—A scale capable of weighing the test
ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-
wood heater and attached chimney, including the weight of the
annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with
test fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibration
National
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