ASTM E2256-03
(Guide)Standard Guide for Hydraulic Integrity of New, Repaired, or Reconstructed Aboveground Storage Tank Bottoms for Petroleum Service
Standard Guide for Hydraulic Integrity of New, Repaired, or Reconstructed Aboveground Storage Tank Bottoms for Petroleum Service
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide the reader with a knowledge of construction examination procedures and current technologies that can be used to give an owner or operator of an aboveground storage tank (AST) in petroleum service, relevant information on the hydraulic integrity of a new, repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom prior to return to service. This guide does not pertain to horizontal ASTs, manufacture of tanks using UL 142, or to tanks constructed of concrete or other non-ferrous materials.
1.2 The adoption of the mathods and technologies presented in this guide are not mandatory, rather they represent options that may be selected to identify the likelihood of product leaking through a new, repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom.
1.3 This guide is not intended to suggest or treat any technology in a preferential manner.
1.4 The person responsible for applying this guide should be a knowledgeable individual with experience in the design, inspection, construction, or combination thereof, of aboveground storage tanks for use in petroleum service, and should also be certified under the requirements of API 653 when use is related to tank bottom repair.
1.5 This guide is written in metric measure units (SI Units) in accordance with requirements of Practice E 621. English measure equivalents are in parentheses.
1.6 The applicability of this guide to the proposed tank configuration and service conditions should be established prior to use.
1.7 This guide complies with ASTM policy for development and subsequent use of a standard.
1.8 This guide is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this guide or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W. Conshohocken, PA 19428.
1.9 This guide is not intended for use as a model code, ordinance or regulation.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
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Designation:E2256–03
Standard Guide for
Hydraulic Integrity of New, Repaired, or Reconstructed
Aboveground Storage Tank Bottoms for Petroleum Service
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2256; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 This guide is not intended for use as a model code,
ordinance or regulation.
1.1 This guide is intended to provide the reader with a
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
knowledgeofconstructionexaminationproceduresandcurrent
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
technologies that can be used to give an owner or operator of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
an aboveground storage tank (AST) in petroleum service,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
relevant information on the hydraulic integrity of a new,
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom prior to return to
service. This guide does not pertain to horizontal ASTs,
2. Referenced Documents
manufacture of tanks using UL 142, or to tanks constructed of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
concrete or other non-ferrous materials.
A6 Specification for General Requirements for Rolled
1.2 Theadoptionofthemathodsandtechnologiespresented
Steel Plate, Shapes, Sheet Piling, Bars for Structural Use
in this guide are not mandatory, rather they represent options
A 20/A 20M Specification for General Requirements for
that may be selected to identify the likelihood of product
Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels
leaking through a new, repaired, or reconstructed tank bottom.
A 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
1.3 This guide is not intended to suggest or treat any
A 53/A 53M Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-
technology in a preferential manner.
Dipped Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
1.4 Thepersonresponsibleforapplyingthisguideshouldbe
A 106/A 106M Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel
a knowledgeable individual with experience in the design,
Pipe for High Temperature Service
inspection, construction, or combination thereof, of above-
A 333/A 333M Specification for Seamless and Welded
ground storage tanks for use in petroleum service, and should
Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service
alsobecertifiedundertherequirementsofAPI 653whenuseis
D 3282 Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures
related to tank bottom repair.
for Highway Construction Purposes
1.5 This guide is written in metric measure units (SI Units)
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
in accordance with requirements of Practice E 621. English
E 621 Practice for the Use of Metric (SI) Units in Building
measure equivalents are in parentheses.
Design and Construction
1.6 The applicability of this guide to the proposed tank
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
configuration and service conditions should be established
E 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
prior to use.
amination Using the Water-Washable Process
1.7 ThisguidecomplieswithASTMpolicyfordevelopment
E 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Ex-
and subsequent use of a standard.
amination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
1.8 This guide is subject to revision at any time by the
E 1220 Test Method for Visible Liquid Penetrant Examina-
responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every
tion Using the Solvent-Removable Process
five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
2.2 Other Documents:
Your comments are invited either for revision of this guide or
ASME Section V and IX Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM
International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W. Conshohocken, PA
19428.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Assessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.01 on Storage the ASTM website.
Tanks. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published March 2003. Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016–5990.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2256–03
SNT TC-1A Society for Nondestructive Testing Recom- 3.1.7 leak path, n—the route or opening through which the
mended Practice tank contents are released through to the exterior environment.
AWS B1.10 Guide for the Nondestructive Inspection of 3.1.8 tank, n—a field-erected steel structure constructed of
Welds welded or riveted steel and designed for petroleum service.
AWS QC1-96 Standard for AWS Certification of Welding 3.1.9 tank bottom, n—the floor of a vertically oriented tank,
Inspectors including the shell to bottom weld, connected piping supports,
API 322 An Engineering Evaluation of Acoustic Methods column base plates, sumps, floor plates, and floor welds, but
of Leak Detection in Aboveground Storage Tanks, Jan. not interior or exterior coatings or cathodic protection.
1994 3.1.10 tank owner or operator, n—an individual or entity
API PB 334 A Guide to Leak Detection for Aboveground that owns or operates an aboveground storage tank in accor-
Storage Tanks, Mar. 1996 dance with and definitions of The U.S. Environmental Protec-
API 575 Inspection ofAtmospheric and Low-Pressure Stor- tion Agency Regulation 40 CFR 112.
age Tanks 3.1.11 technologies, n—systems or services that provide
API 581 Base Resource Document-Risk-Based Inspection information that can be used to evaluate the hydraulic integrity
API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage of a tank bottom.
API 653 Tank Inspection, Alteration, and Reconstruction 3.2 Abbreviations:
3.2.1 cm—centimetre
3. Terminology
3.2.2 mm—millimetre
3.1 The following terms as used in this guide may differ 3.3 Acronyms:
3.3.1 ANSI—American National Standards Institute
from the more commonly accepted definitions elsewhere.
3.1.1 aboveground storage tank (AST), n—a vertically ori- 3.3.2 API—American Petroleum Institute
3.3.3 ASM—American Society for Metals
ented tank (normally cylindrical), whose bottom is in contact
with the soil or other solid material and whose shell to bottom 3.3.4 ASME—American Society of Mechanical Engineers
joint is designed to be at the plane of grade. See Fig. 1. 3.3.5 ASNT—Society for Nondestructive Testing
3.3.6 AST—aboveground storage tank
3.3.7 AWS—American Welding Society
3.3.8 ERW—electric resistance weld
3.3.9 NDE—non-destructive evaluation
3.3.10 OSHA—United States Occupational, Safety and
Health Administration
3.3.11 UL—Underwriters Laboratory
3.3.12 UST—underground storage tank
3.4 Measurement Units—This guide is written in metric
measure units (SI Units) in accordance with requirements of
Practice E 621. English measure equivalents are in parenthe-
ses.
FIG. 1 Examples of ASTs per this Guide
4. Summary of Guide
3.1.2 conditions and limitations, n—the environmental and
4.1 This guide establishes a process and provides guidance
physical effects that restrict the collection of data.
about practices and procedures that are called for in API 650
3.1.3 cut and cover or bunkered tank, n—afield-constructed
andAPI 653, or available as optional selections and which will
aboveground storage tank that has been cut into the soil and
lead to a better understanding about the hydraulic integrity of
covered to protect it from damage either by accident or hostile
anAST’s bottom.The information contained in the guide is set
intent of war.
out in three formats: a flowchart of the procedures and the
3.1.4 developing technology, n—a procedure or testing
appropriate point for employment in order to gather the most
method that may be used to provide additional information on
useful information; a table of the procedures briefly describing
a potential leak path.
what and how they should be used in order to gather the most
3.1.5 for petroleum service, n—an AST that is designated
useful information; and an expanded listing of the procedures
for or expected to be used for petroleum product storage to
to provide the guide user with procedure background and
include crude oil, residual, and refined petroleum products.
expected results in order to determine the type and validity of
3.1.6 hydraulic integrity, n—the actual ability of a tank
the information gathered.
bottom to prevent passage of a stored product to the external
5. Significance and Use
environment.
5.1 Inspection, repair, and construction of ASTs in petro-
leum service should follow at a minimum the requirements of
American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711
API 650 and API 653. These standards describe methods for
Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228–0518.
testing the weld quality and structural and hydraulic integrity
American Welding Society (AWS,) 550 NW Le Jeune Rd., NW, Miami, FL
of new or repairedASTs.With increasing emphasis on protect-
33126.
American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, CD 20005. ing the environment and with environmental issues related to
E2256–03
the storing of petroleum materials in ASTs, owners and 6.4 When using information provided in this section, con-
operators of such tanks may want or need a guide devoted to siderations for schedule, operational, economic, and environ-
existing and enhanced methods for evaluating the hydraulic mental characterizations should be reviewed. An owner and
integrity of new or repaired tank bottoms. operatorortheowners’andoperators’representativeshouldbe
5.2 The consequences of a tank bottom failure include the familiar with conditions under which the tests and procedures
economic loss of product, cost of repair or replacing the tank canbeusedandinthecaseofthedevelopingtechnologies,API
bottom, and exposure to the cost of environmental remediation 334 should be consulted.
and potential damage or harm to adjacent lands that may give
risetoadversepublicrelationsorregulatoryaction.Inaddition,
7. Evaluation Methods
releases of petroleum products introduce potential fire or
7.1 Procedures Prior to Filling and After Filling the Tank:
explosive conditions.
7.1.1 The owner and operator of a tank, included by
5.3 Owners and operators of ASTs or their agents can use
definition in this guide, will find that there are numerous
this guide to help choose methods of evaluating the hydraulic
procedures associated with the determination of the hydraulic
integrity of their repaired or new tank bottoms. Selection of the
integrity of a tank bottom. Of this total number of procedures
methods should be based on regulatory and economic criteria
there can be at least nine that are conducted prior to filling the
that include operational and cost/benefit considerations.
tankandcanbeatleastanotherfourproceduresthatareapplied
5.4 This guide is intended for use by an individual experi-
with the tank either partially or completely filled to its safe fill
enced in repair and construction ofASTs in petroleum service.
height.
5.5 This guide is intended for use when repairing or
7.2 Evaluation of Floor Plate, Weld Construction Practices:
building ASTs and not intended for use beyond the construc-
7.2.1 Factors or conditions that contribute to tank bottom
tion process. This guide does not address suitability for use or
failure are:
imply useful life of an AST bottom.
7.2.1.1 Imperfections that may be included in steel plate
5.6 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with
during manufacture.
and as a supplement to standards provided for hydraulic
7.2.1.2 Gouging and tearing in steel plate can occur during
integrity in API 650 and API 653.
shipment and storage, and in moving the plates into final
5.7 Procedures or methods included here may be supported
position for welding. Such damage can be the result of
by a previously completed and documented performance
improper use of equipment for moving the plate or the
evaluation(s) that may lend itself as valuable results validation.
dragging of the plates across one another or other construction
6. Procedures materials and rocks. The gouges and tears can compromise the
structural integrity and intended service life of the tank.
6.1 This section provides information on established prac-
7.2.1.3 Irregular surface continuities or voids in the struc-
tices described in API 650 and API 653. This section provides
tural fill or concrete foundation can be a significant condition
information on other practices listed in this guide as optional
causing a bottom to fail and leak. The voids and projections
during a hydrostatic test, and which may be used to assess the
created by the sub-floor structural system irregularities will
hydraulic integrity of the tank bottom. Also identified in this
cause uneven stressing of the floor plates, seam welds, floor to
section are developing technologies that may be used in
shell weld, and sumps located in the bottom. The stress can
conjunction with a hydro-test, and may produce supplemental
lead to early failure of the bottom when the tank is placed back
information about the hydraulic integrity of the completed tank
in service and under load from the stored product or the
bottom construction. Some of the procedures identified here
columns and legs of floating pans or roofs.
are recognized to be voluntary when used for attaining an
7.2.1.4 The use of incorrect welding procedures or unquali-
enhanced confidence in the hydraulic integrity for a repaired or
fied welders can result in sub-standard welds that are more
newlyconstructedtankbottom.Forthoseownersandoperators
likely to fail.
that already have procedures for determining the suitability of
7.2.1.5 Service conditions that might include the presence
the tank bottom, this guide may serve as a reference when
of hydrogen sulfide or conditions that may cause weld or plate
policy warrants a change in their methods.
cracking require the appropriate selection of materials, and
6.2 Table 2 identifies tests and procedures, and notes when
quality control for manufacture and fabrication.
application of those tests or procedures will provide the most
7.2.2 Summary of Test Parameters:
useful information for assessing the hydraulic integrity of tank
bottom. 7.2.2.1 The user will need to ensure good practices, proce-
dures and reco
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