ASTM D3875-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Alkalinity in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
Standard Test Method for Alkalinity in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Alkalinity as carbonate and bicarbonate of saline water is very important in chemical waterflooding or tertiary recovery processes for recovering petroleum. Alkaline waters offer better wetting to the formation rock and improve oil release. As an additional benefit, ions that provide alkalinity adsorb on rock surfaces occupying adsorption sites and decrease the loss of recovery chemical by adsorption. Determination of alkalinity in waters used in tertiary recovery processes is therefore very important.
An alkalinity value is necessary in the calculation of carbonate scaling tendencies of saline waters. It is also necessary to determine the alkalinity if the ionic balance of a water analysis is to be used as a check of the reliability of the analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of alkalinity in brackish water, seawater, and brines.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3875 − 08
StandardTest Method for
1
Alkalinity in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3875; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of alkalinity 5.1 Alkalinity as carbonate and bicarbonate of saline water
in brackish water, seawater, and brines. is very important in chemical waterflooding or tertiary recov-
ery processes for recovering petroleum. Alkaline waters offer
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
betterwettingtotheformationrockandimproveoilrelease.As
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
an additional benefit, ions that provide alkalinity adsorb on
standard.
rock surfaces occupying adsorption sites and decrease the loss
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of recovery chemical by adsorption. Determination of alkalin-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ity in waters used in tertiary recovery processes is therefore
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
very important.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 An alkalinity value is necessary in the calculation of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
carbonate scaling tendencies of saline waters. It is also neces-
2. Referenced Documents
sary to determine the alkalinity if the ionic balance of a water
analysis is to be used as a check of the reliability of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
analysis.
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
6. Interferences
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
6.1 Anions other than bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
ions that form weakly dissociated acids that participate in
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
hydrolysis reactions may also contribute to the alkalinity as
D5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications
may some organic materials. The user of this test method on
for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
determining the alkalinity is cautioned that all the effects of the
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage
anions entering into hydrolysis reactions are combined and
of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis
reported as an equivalent amount of a single substance or two
3. Terminology
postulated ions. Included in the reported value is the alkalinity
resulting from the presence of borate, silicate, sulfide, and
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
phosphate. The effect of borate on the alkalinity value is
to Terminology D1129.
considered negligible for waters with pH values of 7 or less.
4. Summary of Test Method
7. Apparatus
4.1 An electrotitrator or pH meter is used to determine the
7.1 Electrotitrator or Standard pH Meter with suitable
amount of acid necessary to reach pH 8.1 and 4.5, respectively.
electrodes. Maintenance and standardization of electrodes and
ThepHvaluesapproximatethepointswherethehydroxideand
pH meter should follow manufacturer’s instructions because
bicarbonate ions are neutralized.
performance can be affected by improper treatment.
1 7.2 Buret, 10-mL micro.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents
in Water. 8. Reagents
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D3875 – 03. DOI:
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
10.1520/D3875-08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3875 − 08
A
TABLE 1 Volume Relationships for Alkalinity Calculations
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
2
Volume of Standard Acid Corresponding to
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
Results
Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Hydroxide,
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
− = −
HCO CO OH
3 3
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
P=0 T 00
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
1
P < ⁄2 T T-2P 2 P 0
1
accuracy of the determination.
P = ⁄2 T 02P 0
1
P > ⁄2 T 02(T-P) 2P-T
8.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 3875–03 Designation:D3875–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Alkalinity in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3875; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope *
1.1 This test method covers the determination of alkalinity in brackish water, seawater, and brines.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
2
D 1193Specification for Reagent Water Specification for Reagent Water
D 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D 5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
E 200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—ForFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 1129.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 An electrotitrator or pH meter is used to determine the amount of acid necessary to reach pH 8.1 and 4.5, respectively. The
pH values approximate the points where the hydroxide and bicarbonate ions are neutralized.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Alkalinity as carbonate and bicarbonate of saline water is very important in chemical waterflooding or tertiary recovery
processes for recovering petroleum. Alkaline waters offer better wetting to the formation rock and improve oil release. As an
additional benefit, ions that provide alkalinity adsorb on rock surfaces occupying adsorption sites and decrease the loss of recovery
chemical by adsorption. Determination of alkalinity in waters used in tertiary recovery processes is therefore very important.
5.2 An alkalinity value is necessary in the calculation of carbonate scaling tendencies of saline waters. It is also necessary to
determine the alkalinity if the ionic balance of a water analysis is to be used as a check of the reliability of the analysis.
6. Interferences
6.1 Anionsotherthanbicarbonate,carbonate,orhydroxideionsthatformweaklydissociatedacidsthatparticipateinhydrolysis
reactions may also contribute to the alkalinity as may some organic materials. The user of this test method on determining the
alkalinity is cautioned that all the effects of the anions entering into hydrolysis reactions are combined and reported as an
equivalent amount of a single substance or two postulated ions. Included in the reported value is the alkalinity resulting from the
presence of borate, silicate, sulfide, and phosphate. The effect of borate on the alkalinity value is considered negligible for waters
with pH values of 7 or less.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Electrotitrator or Standard pH Meter with suitable electrodes. Maintenance and standardization of electrodes and pH meter
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 onWater and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents inWater.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D3875–97.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 3875 – 03.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3875–08
should follow manufacturer’s instructions because performance can be affected by improper treatment.
7.2 Buret, 10-mL micro.
8. Reagents
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
2
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on A
...
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