ASTM D1640/D1640M-14(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings
Standard Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to determine the various stages and rates of drying, curing, and film formation of organic coatings for comparing types of coatings, assessing the impact of compositional changes on drying time, or for assessing drying/curing time in the shop or field. Low temperature can significantly slow the drying rate of coatings so low temperature curing agents, catalysts and/or accelerators are often available to aid drying and film formation under cooler temperatures. Method B is designed to evaluate these components and/or to determine the effect of cooler temperatures on drying rates. Conversely, the drying/curing rate of certain coatings can be accelerated under elevated temperature/humidity conditions, while others may be adversely impacted by elevated humidity. Method C is designed to evaluate the effects of elevated temperature and relative humidity conditions on drying, curing, and film formation of paints and coatings. The terms dry or drying, cure or curing, and film formation are used interchangeably throughout this standard.
3.2 Test Methods A, B and C are limited to a comparison of paints/coatings applied to smooth, non-absorbent substrates and do not reflect the effect of absorption of the paint vehicle into the substrate material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the various stages and rates of film formation in the drying or curing of organic coatings under laboratory controlled conditions of air temperature, (low, ambient and/or elevated) and/or humidity. Procedures for assessing drying under prevailing conditions of temperature and humidity in the shop and field are also described.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1640/D1640M − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Methods for
Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1640/D1640M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO9117–4 Paintsandvarnishes—Determinationofdrying
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
— Part 4: Method using a mechanical recorder
various stages and rates of film formation in the drying or
curing of organic coatings under laboratory controlled condi-
3. Significance and Use
tions of air temperature, (low, ambient and/or elevated) and/or
humidity. Procedures for assessing drying under prevailing 3.1 These test methods can be used to determine the various
conditions of temperature and humidity in the shop and field stages and rates of drying, curing, and film formation of
are also described. organic coatings for comparing types of coatings, assessing the
impact of compositional changes on drying time, or for
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
assessing drying/curing time in the shop or field. Low tem-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
perature can significantly slow the drying rate of coatings so
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
lowtemperaturecuringagents,catalystsand/oracceleratorsare
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
often available to aid drying and film formation under cooler
used independently of the other, and values from the two
temperatures. Method B is designed to evaluate these compo-
systems shall not be combined.
nents and/or to determine the effect of cooler temperatures on
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
drying rates. Conversely, the drying/curing rate of certain
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
coatings can be accelerated under elevated temperature/
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
humidity conditions, while others may be adversely impacted
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
by elevated humidity. Method C is designed to evaluate the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
effects of elevated temperature and relative humidity condi-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
tions on drying, curing, and film formation of paints and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
coatings. The terms dry or drying, cure or curing, and film
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
formation are used interchangeably throughout this standard.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2 Test MethodsA, B and C are limited to a comparison of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
paints/coatings applied to smooth, non-absorbent substrates
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and do not reflect the effect of absorption of the paint vehicle
2. Referenced Documents
into the substrate material.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Substrate, Coating Application Method and Film
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
Thicknesses
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
D4414 Practice for Measurement of Wet Film Thickness by
4.1 Obtain agreement between the contracting parties as to
Notch Gages the substrate, wet film thickness (WFT), and application
method for testing the specific coating involved.The product is
1 tested as manufactured (without reducer, unless otherwise
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
agreed upon by contracting parties). Unless otherwise agreed,
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint
the thickness of the cast film shall conform to the coating
Films.
manufacturer’s product data sheet. If the wet film thickness is
Current edition approved June 1, 2022. Published June 2022. Originally
not stated on the manufacturer’s product data sheet, it can be
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D1640/D1640M – 14
(2018). DOI: 10.1520/D1640_D1640M-14R22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
theASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1640/D1640M − 14 (2022)
calculated using the formula in 4.1.1 based on the manufac- If elevated temperature without consideration for humidity is
4,5
turer’s recommended dry film thickness (DFT) and percent desired, a convection oven can be used.
non-volatile by volume (% solids by volume). If this informa- 5.3.2 Condition the substrate material, the coating to be
tion is not provided, contact the coating manufacturer to obtain tested, and the application device for a minimum of1hinthe
the recommended wet film thickness for testing. temperature/humidity-controlled chamber prior to casting the
4.1.1 WFT5 ~DFT ÷ % Solids by Volume ! wet film.
5.3.3 Make all measurements at a temperature and relative
5. Test Conditions
humidity as agreed upon between contracting parties. Record
the actual temperature and relative humidity employed for
5.1 Method A (Laboratory Procedure—Normal Drying
testing. All dry time measurements are made with the coated
Conditions):
panels in a horizontal position while drying.
5.1.1 Conduct all drying tests in a well-ventilated room or
5.3.4 Apply the wet film according to the coating manufac-
chamber, free from direct drafts, dust, products of combustion,
turer’s instructions. In the absence of any specific material
laboratory fumes and under diffused light (see 5.1.4). Make all
specification or product data sheets, instructions for casting the
measurementsatanairtemperatureof23 62 °Cand50 65%
film should be agreed upon between contracting parties.
relative humidity with the coated panels in a horizontal
5.3.5 Films to be tested should have practical thicknesses
position while drying.
commensurate with the coating manufacturer’s recommenda-
5.1.2 Apply the wet film according to the coating manufac-
tions.All testing should be performed within an area at least 15
turer’s instructions. In the absence of any specific material
mm [ ⁄2 in.] from any film edge.
specification or product data sheets, instructions for casting the
5.3.6 Minimize opening and closing of the temperature and
film should be agreed upon between contracting parties.
humidity-controlled chamber to prevent fluctuation of condi-
5.1.3 Films to be tested should have practical thicknesses
tions.
commensurate with the coating manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions.All testing should be performed within an area at least 15
5.4 Method D (Shop/Field Procedure):
mm [ ⁄2 in.] from any film edge.
5.4.1 Measure and record air and surface temperature, and
5.1.4 Illumination of the films during the entire drying test
relative humidity immediately prior to coating application.
period must be from low, non-radiant energy light sources,
5.4.2 Apply the wet film according to the coating manufac-
such as normal laboratory or sky sources, never from direct
turer’s instructions. In the absence of any specific material
sunlight.
specification or product data sheets, instructions for applying
the film should be agreed upon between contracting parties.
5.2 Method B (Laboratory Procedure—Low Air Tempera-
5.4.3 Apply the wet film to the same substrate and surface
ture Drying Conditions):
texture using the same application equipment and parameters
5.2.1 Conduct all drying tests in a ventilated temperature
as are intended to be used in the shop/filed during production.
and humidity-controlled chamber. Allow the temperature and
5.4.4 Films to be tested should have practical thicknesses
relative humidity to stabilize within the chamber prior to use.
commensurate with the coating manufacturer’s recommenda-
5.2.2 Condition the substrate material, the coating to be
tions.
tested, and the application device for a minimum of1hinthe
temperature/humidity-controlled chamber prior to casting the
6. Preparation of Test Specimens
wet film.
5.2.3 Make all measurements at a temperature and relative
6.1 Carry out all tests as described in 6.1.1 – 6.1.5, unless
humidity as agreed upon between contracting parties. Record
otherwise noted.
the actual temperature and relative humidity employed for
6.1.1 All test specimens (test surfaces for Method D) shall
testing. All dry time measurements are made with the coated
be prepared and tested by one operator proficient in the
panels in a horizontal position while drying.
methods to be used. Apply the coating material to the agreed
5.2.4 Apply the wet film according to the coating manufac-
uponsubstrateinduplicateatatimearrangedsothatevaluation
turer’s instructions. In the absence of any specific material
intervals will fall within the normal working hours of the
specification or product data sheets, instructions for casting the
operator.
film should be agreed upon between contracting parties.
6.1.2 If the coating to be tested requires an induction time,
5.2.5 Films to be tested should have practical thicknesses
cast/apply the wet film after the induction period.
commensurate with the coating manufacturer’s recommenda-
6.1.3 For Methods A, B and C, apply the materials to be
tions.All testing should be performed within an area at least 15
tested on clean glass panels, smooth cold-rolled steel panels or
mm [ ⁄2 in.] from any film edge.
other specific substrate of suitable dimensions agreed upon
5.2.6 Minimize opening and closing of the temperature and
between contracting parties. Ground-glass plates are mor
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