ASTM D2170-95
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts (bitumens), road oils and distillation residues of liquid asphalts (bitumens) all at 60°C (140°F) and of asphalt cements at 135°C (275°F) (Note 1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s (cSt).
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See for the method of calculation.
Note 1—This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60°C (140°F) and on asphalt cements at 135°C (275°F) only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm 2/s (cSt).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 2170 – 95
Designation: 319/84 (89)
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2170; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to
Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determina-
D 2162 Test Method for Basic Calibration of Master Vis-
tion of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts (bitumens), road
cometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
oils and distillation residues of liquid asphalts (bitumens) all at
D 2493 Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Asphalts
140°F (60°C) and of asphalt cements at 275°F (135°C) (Note
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 cSt.
E 77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate
mometers
viscosity when the density of the test material at the test
temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for
3. Terminology
the method of calculation.
3.1 Definitions:
NOTE 1—This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and
3.1.1 density—the mass per unit volume of liquid. The cgs
at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations 3 3
unit of density is 1 g/cm and the SI unit of density is 1 kg/m .
on liquid asphalts and road oils at 140°F (60°C) and on asphalt cements
3.1.2 kinematic viscosity—the ratio of the viscosity to the
at 275°F (135°C) only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 cSt.
density of a liquid. It is a measure of the resistance to flow of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
a liquid under gravity. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 2 2
m /s; for practical use, a submultiple (mm /s) is more conve-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nient. The cgs unit of kinematic viscosity is 1 cm /s and is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- −2
called a stoke (symbol St). The centistokes (1 cSt 5 10 St) is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1mm /s and is customarily used.
3.1.3 Newtonian liquid—a liquid in which the rate of shear
2. Referenced Documents
is proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid.
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
3.1.4 viscosity—the ratio between the applied shear stress
D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
and rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity. This
Open Cup
coefficient is a measure of the resistance to flow of a liquid. It
D 341 Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum
is commonly called the viscosity of the liquid. The cgs unit of
Products
viscosity is 1 g/cm·s (1 dyne·s/cm ) and is called a poise (P).
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent 2
The SI unit of viscosity is 1 Pa·s (1 N·s/m ) and is equivalent
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
to 10 P.
Viscosity)
D 446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
4. Summary of Test Method
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of the liquid to
flow through the capillary of a calibrated glass capillary
viscometer under an accurately reproducible head and at a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-4 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 on
closely controlled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is then
Rheological Tests. In the IP this test method is under the jurisdiction of the
calculated by multiplying the efflux time in seconds by the
Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Originally
published as D 2170 – 63 T. Last previous edition D 2170 – 92.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2170
viscometer calibration factor. 6.5 Timer—A stop watch or other spring-activated timing
device graduated in divisions of 0.1 s or less and accurate to
5. Significance and Use
within 0.05 % when tested over intervals of not less than 15
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior.
min.
The method is used to determine the consistency of bitumen as
6.6 Electrical Timing Devices may be used only on electri-
one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or
cal circuits the frequencies of which are controlled to an
sources of supply. The specifications are usually at tempera-
accuracy of 0.05 % or better.
tures of 60 and 135°C.
6.6.1 Alternating currents, the frequencies of which are
intermittently and not continuously controlled, as provided by
6. Apparatus
some public power systems, can cause large errors, particularly
6.1 Viscometers, capillary-type, made of borosilicate glass,
over short timing intervals, when used to actuate electrical
annealed, suitable for this test are described in Annex A2 and
timing devices.
include the following:
6.1.1 Cannon-Fenske viscometer for opaque liquids, 7. Preparation of Sample
6.1.2 Zeitfuchs cross-arm viscometer,
7.1 To minimize loss of volatile constituents and to obtain
6.1.3 Lantz-Zeitfuchs viscometer,
reproducible results, proceed as follows:
6.1.4 BS U-Tube modified reverse flow viscometer.
7.1.1 Procedure for Liquid Asphalt (Bitumen) and Road Oil:
6.2 Calibrated viscometers are available from commercial
7.1.1.1 Allow sealed samples, as received, to reach room
suppliers. Details regarding calibration of viscometers are
temperature.
given in Annex A3.
7.1.1.2 Open the sample container and mix the sample
6.3 Thermometers— Calibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-
thoroughly by stirring for 30 s taking care to avoid the
eters of an accuracy after correction of 0.04°F (0.02°C) can be
entrapment of air. If the sample is too viscous for such stirring,
used or any other thermometric device of equal accuracy.
place the sample in the tightly sealed container in a bath or
ASTM Kinematic Viscosity Thermometers 47F and 47C and IP
oven maintained at 145 6 5°F (636 3°C) until it becomes
35F and 35C are suitable for use at 140°F (60°C) and ASTM
sufficiently liquid for stirring.
Kinematic Viscosity Thermometers 110F and 110C are suitable
7.1.1.3 Immediately charge the viscometer, or, if the test is
for use at 275°F (135°C).
to be made at a later time, pour approximately 20 mL into one
6.3.1 The specified thermometers are standardized at “total
or more clean, dry containers having a capacity of approxi-
immersion,” which means immersion to the top of the mercury
mately 30 mL and immediately seal with an airtight closure.
column with the remainder of the stem and the expansion
7.1.1.4 For materials with kinematic viscosities at 140°F
chamber at the top of the thermometer exposed to room
(60°C) above 800 cSt, heat the 20-mL sample in the sealed
temperature. The practice of completely submerging the ther-
container in an oven or bath maintained at 145 6 5°F (63 6
mometer is not recommended. When thermometers are com-
3°C) until it is sufficiently liquid for a convenient transfer into
pletely submerged, corrections for each individual thermom-
the viscometer. Such heating should not exceed 30 min.
eter based on calibration under conditions of complete
7.1.2 Procedure for Asphalt Cement:
submergence must be determined and applied. If the thermom-
eter is completely submerged in the bath during use, the
TABLE 1 Acceptability of Test Results for Kinematic Viscosity
pressure of the gas in the expansion chamber will be higher or
NOTE 1—The values given in column 2 are the coefficients of variation
lower than during standardization, and may cause high or low
that have been found to be appropriate for the materials and conditions of
readings on the thermometer.
test described in column 1. The values given in column 3 are the limits that
6.3.2 It is essential that liquid-in-glass thermometers be
should not be exceeded by the difference between the results of two
calibrated periodically using the technique given in Test
properly conducted tests.
Method E 77 (see Appendix X1).
Acceptable
Coefficient of
6.4 Bath—A bath suitable for immersion of the viscometer
Range
Material and Type Index Variation (% of
of Two Results
so that the liquid reservoir or the top of the capillary, whichever A
mean)
A
(% of mean)
is uppermost, is at least 20 mm below the upper bath level, and
Single-operator precision:
with provisions for visibility of the viscometer and the ther-
Asphalt cements at 275°F 0.64 1.8
mometer. Firm supports for the viscometer shall be provided,
(135°C)
or the viscometer may be an integral part of the bath. The Liquid asphalts at 140°F (60°C):
below 3000 cSt 0.53 1.5
efficiency of the stirring and the balance between heat losses
3000 to 6000 cSt 0.71 2.0
and heat input must be such that the temperature of the bath
6000 cSt and above 3.2 8.9
medium does not vary by more than 60.05°F (60.03°C) over Multilaboratory precision:
Asphalt cements at 275°F 3.1 8.8
the length of the viscometer, or from viscometer to viscometer
(135°C)
in the various bath positions at 140°F (60°C). The variation at
Liquid asphalts at 140°F (60°C):
below 3000 cSt 1.06 3.0
275°F (135°C) must not exceed 60.05°F (60.03°C).
B
3000 to 6000 cSt 3.11 9.0
B
NOTE 2—Distilled water is a suitable bath liquid for determinations at
above 6000 cSt 3.6 10.0
140°F (60°C). USP White Oil with a flash point above 420°F (215°C) has
A
These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s %) and (d2s %) limits as
been found suitable for determinations at 275°F (135°C). The flash point
described in Practice C 670.
B
is determined in accordance with Test Method D 92. Based on less than 30 degrees of freedom.
D 2170
7.1.2.1 Heat the sample with care to prevent local overheat- with a strong acid cleaning solution to remove organic depos-
ing until it has become sufficiently fluid to pour, occasionally its, rinse thoroughly with distilled water and residue-free
stirring the sample to aid heat transfer and to assure uniformity. acetone, and dry with filtered dry air.
7.1.2.2 Transfer a minimum of 20 mL into a suitable 8.8.1 Chromic acid cleaning solution may be prepared by
container and heat to 275 6 10°F (135 6 5.5°C), stirring adding, with the usual precautions, 800 mL of concentrated
occasionally to prevent local overheating and taking care to sulphuric acid to a solution of 92 g of sodium dichromate in
avoid the entrapment of air. 458 mL of water. The use of similar commercially available
sulphuric acid cleaning solutions is acceptable. Nonchromium-
8. Procedure 6
containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions may be
8.1 The specific details of operation vary somewhat for the
substituted so as to avoid the disposal problems of chromium-
various types of viscometers. See the detailed descriptions of containing solutions.
viscometers in Annex A2 for instructions for using the type
8.8.2 Use of alkaline glass cleaning solutions may result in
viscometer selected. In all cases, however, follow the general a change of viscometer calibration, and is not recommended.
procedure described in 8.2 to 8.8.
9. Calculation
8.2 Maintain the bath at the test temperature within6
0.02°F (60.01°C) for test temperature of 140°F (60°C) and
9.1 Calculate the kinematic viscosity to three significant
within6 0.05°F (60.03°C) for test temperature of 275°F
figures using the following equation:
(135°C). Apply the necessary corrections, if any, to all ther-
Kinematic viscosity, cSt 5 Ct (1)
mometer readings.
8.3 Select a clean, dry viscometer which will give an efflux where:
time greater than 60 s and preheat to test temperature. C 5 calibration constant of the viscometer, cSt/s, and
t 5 efflux time, s.
8.4 Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by the
design of the instrument, as prescribed in Annex A2.
NOTE 3—Other ASTM publications on viscosity that may be used in
8.5 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath long
conjunction with results determined in accordance with this test method
enough to reach the test temperature, as prescribed in Annex
are Test Method D 445, Practice D 2161, Standards D 341 and D 2493,
and Specifications D 446.
A2.
8.6 Start the flow of asphalt in the viscometer as prescribed
10. Report
in Annex A2.
10.1 Always report the test temperature with the result, for
8.7 Measure to within 0.1 s, the time required for the
example:
leading edge of the meniscus to pass from the first timing mark
to the second. If this efflux time is less than 60 s, select a
Kinematic viscosity at 140°F 5 75.6 cSt (2)
viscometer of smaller capillary diameter and repeat the opera-
11. Precision
tion.
8.8 Upon completion of the test, clean the viscometer
11.1 Criteria for judging the acceptability of viscosity test
thoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solvent
results obtained by this method are given in Table 1.
completely miscible with the sample, followed by a completely
volatile solvent. Dry the tube by passing a slow stream of
filtered dried air through the capillary for 2 min, or until the last
A commercial source for nonchromium-containing cleaning solution is Godax
trace of solvent is removed. Periodically clean the instrument Laboratories, Inc., 480 Canal St., New York, NY 10013.
D 2170
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. CALCULATION OF VISCOSITY OF A NEWTONIAN LIQUID
A1.1 The viscosity of a Newtonian liquid is calculated from A1.3 When the specific gravity of the asphalt is not known,
its kinematic viscosity by multiplying the kinematic viscosity a satisfactory determination of the viscosity at 275°F (135°C)
by the density of the liquid at the test temperature.
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity at
275°F (135°C) by an assumed density of 0.948 g/cm . This
A1.2 For paving grade asphalts, density at 275°F (135°C)
density value is equivalent to a specifi
...
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