ASTM D445-21e2
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´2
Designation: D445 − 21 British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected tables in Section 17 in December 2021 to align with research reports.
2
ε NOTE—Editorially removed joint designation in October 2022.
1. Scope* 1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
nation of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
calibratedglasscapillaryviscometer.Thedynamicviscosity,η,
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν,by
mercuryormercury-containingproducts,orboth,isprohibited
the density, ρ, of the liquid.
bylocalornationallaw.Usersmustdeterminelegalityofsales
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity
in their location.
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445–03.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
uponthebehaviorofthesampleandisintendedforapplication
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
resultsmaybeobtainedfromviscometersofdifferentcapillary
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
diameters.Theprocedureandprecisionvaluesforresidualfuel
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
behavior, have been included.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test
2 2
method is from 0.2mm /s to 300000mm /s (see Table A1.1)
2. Referenced Documents
at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity
D396Specification for Fuel Oils
ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the
D446Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
precision section.
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic
D1217Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
2
viscosity is mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
2
dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s =
D1480Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
-6 2
10 m /s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s=1cP= 0.001 Pa·s.
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
eter
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 15, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D445–19a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0445-21E02. the ASTM website.
*A S
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´2
Designation: D445 − 21 British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected tables in Section 17 in December 2021 to align with research reports.
2
ε NOTE—Editorially removed joint designation in October 2022.
1. Scope* 1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
nation of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η,
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by
mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
the density, ρ, of the liquid.
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity
in their location.
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
behavior, have been included.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test
2 2
method is from 0.2 mm /s to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1)
2. Referenced Documents
at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
precision section.
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
2
viscosity is mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
2
dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s =
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
-6 2
10 m /s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
eter
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 15, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D445 – 19a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0445-21E02. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © AST
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2 ´2
Designation: D445 − 21 D445 − 21 British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996
Designation: 71 Section 1/2017
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1,21
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected tables in Section 17 in December 2021 to align with research reports.
2
ε NOTE—Editorially removed joint designation in October 2022.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both
transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary
viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to
liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity
varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The
procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been
included.
2 2
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm /s to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1) at all
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and
temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is
2 2 -6 2
mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s = 10 m /s = 1 cSt
and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute Subcommittee SC-C-3.
Current edition approved May 15, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D445 – 19a. DOI:
10.1520/D0445-21E01.10.1520/D0445-21E02.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´2
D445 − 21
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.