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ASTM E448-82(2002)e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials

Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes the standard procedures for the determination of the Scleroscope hardness of metallic materials, the verification of Scleroscope hardness instruments by a standardized test block method, and alternatively, the calibration of standardized hardness test blocks used for the verification of Scleroscope hardness instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the Scleroscope² hardness of metallic materials (Part A), the verification of Scleroscope hardness instruments (Part B), and the calibration of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Jul-1982
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E448-82(2002) - Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
30-Jul-1982
Replaced By
ASTM E448-82(2008) - Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2017)
Effective Date
01-Sep-2008
Referred By
ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
Effective Date
30-Jul-1982
Referred By
ASTM C886-21 - Standard Test Method for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Carbon and Graphite Materials
Effective Date
30-Jul-1982

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ASTM E448-82(2002)e1 - Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic MaterialsASTM E448-82(2002)e1 - Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
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ASTM E448-82(2002)e1 - Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: E 448 – 82 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Practice for
Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Section 3.1.5 was editorially updated in June 2003.
1. Scope average rebound of a hammer from a forged steel roll of
accepted maximum hardness.
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the Sclero-
scope hardness of metallic materials (Part A), the verification
NOTE 1—The flat striking surface of the hammer in the forged roll
of Scleroscope hardness instruments (Part B), and the calibra-
Scleroscope is slightly larger than the corresponding surface in the
Scleroscope described in 3.1.3 (see Fig. 1). Hence the forged roll
tion of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 427 Specification for WroughtAlloy Steel Rolls for Cold
and Hot Reduction
E 140 HardnessConversionTablesforMetals(Relationship
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
Hardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, and Knoop
Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 calibration—determination of the values of the sig-
nificant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a
reference instrument or by a set of reference standards.
3.1.2 forged roll Scleroscope hardness number (HFRSc or FIG. 1 Profile of Scleroscope Diamond Showing Range of
Diameters of Flat Tip
HFRSd) —a number related to the height of rebound of a
diamond-tipped hammer dropped on a forged steel roll. It is
measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the
Scleroscope yields correspondingly higher hardness numbers.
3.1.3 Scleroscope hardness number (HSc or HSd)—a num-
ber related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical
Testing and is the direct responsibility of E28.06 on Indentation Hardness Testing.
hammerdroppedonthematerialbeingtested.Itismeasuredon
Current edition approved July 30, 1982. Published December 1982. Originally
a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the average
published as E 448– 72. Last previous edition E 448 – 72 (1977).
2 rebound of the hammer from a quenched (to maximum
Registered trademark of the Shore Instrument & Mfg. Co., Inc.
hardness) and untempered high carbon water-hardening tool
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
steel test block of AISI W-5.
The conversion from Forged Roll “C” Scleroscope hardness to Vickers
3.1.4 Scleroscope hardness test—a dynamic indentation
hardness contained in SpecificationA 427 and to Rockwell C hardness contained in
hardness test using a calibrated instrument that drops a
Standard E 140 are presently the only Scleroscope hardness conversions in ASTM
standards. diamond-tipped hammer (Note 2) from a fixed height onto the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
E 448 – 82 (2002)
surface of the material under test. The height of rebound of the 3.1.5 verification—confirmation by examination and provi-
hammer is a measure of the hardness of the material. sion of evidence that an instrument, material, reference or
standard is in conformance with a specification.
NOTE 2—An all-steel “Magnifier Hammer” that yielded a greater
spread in hardness readings on soft nonferrous metals has been available.
This hammer has become obsolete and, hence, is not considered in this
practice.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS AND TEST PROCEDURE FOR SCLEROSCOPE
HARDNESS TEST
4. Apparatus significant effect on the readings of a rebound-type hardness
instrument. Consequently, the geometry of the diamond must
4.1 The instrument used for determining Scleroscope hard-
be shaped to produce a correct reading on reference bars of
ness numbers is supplied in two models designated Model C
knownhardness.IntheforgedrollScleroscopethediamondtip
and Model D.
is specifically dimensioned to produce a correct reading on a
4.2 Scleroscope Model C—This model consists of a verti-
cally disposed barrel containing a precision bore glass tube. A forged-steel roll of known hardness. In profile, the diamond is
scale, graduated from 0 to 140, is set behind and is visible convex, having an approximate radius terminated by a flat
through the glass tube. A pneumatic actuating head, affixed to
striking surface, as shown in Fig. 1. The flat striking surface is
the top of the barrel, is manually operated by a rubber bulb and
approximately circular and from 0.004 to 0.016 in. (0.1 to 0.4
tube. A hammer drops from a specified height and rebounds
mm) in diameter, depending on the type of instrument and the
within the glass tube.
hardness and other physical characteristics of the diamond.
4.3 Scleroscope Model D—This model is known as the Dial
4.5 Supporting Devices—The three supporting devices used
Recording Scleroscope. It consists of a vertically disposed
most frequently with the Scleroscope are (a) the clamping
barrel containing a clutch to arrest the hammer at maximum
stand, (b) the swing arm and post, and (c) the roll-testing stand.
height of rebound. This is made possible by using a hammer
which is longer and heavier than the hammer in the Model C
5. Test Specimens
Scleroscope, and which develops the same striking energy in
dropping through a shorter distance. A number of supporting 5.1 Form—Specimens used in Scleroscope testing vary
devices are available with this instrument and it is recom- greatly with respect to size and shape. Smaller specimens may
mended that one of these be used (see section 4.5).
be tested in the clamping stand which has a jaw capacity of 3
4.4 Diamond-Tipped Hammers: in. (76 mm) high by 2 ⁄2 in. (64 mm) deep. Large specimens,
4.4.1 There are two sizes of diamond-tipped hammers
beyond the jaw capacity of the clamping stand, may be tested
commonly used in the Scleroscope hardness instruments.
with the instrument mounted on the swing arm and post or the
These are the small hammer used in the Model C instrument
roll-testing stand. The swing arm and post has a height and
and the larger hammer used in the Model D instrument.
reach capacity of 9 in. (230 mm) and 14 in. (360 mm),
4.4.2 The following dimensions are applicable to the
respectively. The roll-testing stand may be used for mounting
diamond-tipped hammers:
the instrument on cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 2 ⁄2
Model C
in. (64 mm) and upward without limit. The roll-testing stand
Diameter 0.234 in. (5.94 mm)
may also be used for mounting the instrument on flat, horizon-
Mass 2.300 6 0.500 g
Over-all length 0.815 to 0.840 in. (20.7 to 21.3 mm) tal surfaces with a minimum perimetric dimension of 3 by 5 in.
Distance hammer 9.890 + 0.005, −0.015 in. (251.2 + 0.1,
(76 by 130 mm). The Model C Scleroscope may be used free
falls −0.4 mm)
hand for testing specimens with a minimum mass of 5 lb (2.3
Model D
kg). It is not recommended that the Model D Scleroscope be
Diameter 0.3125 in. (7.94 mm)
used free hand.
Mass 36.0 6 2.0 g
Over-all length 3.990 to 4.010 in. (101.33 to 104.10 mm)
5.2 Thickness—Thin strips or sheets may be tested, with
Distance hammer 0.704 + 0.017, −0.021 in. (17.9 + 0.4, −0.5
some limitations, but only when the Scleroscope is mounted in
falls mm)
theclampingstand.Ideally,thesheetshouldbeflatandwithout
4.4.3 The geometry of the diamond tip is of significance
undulation. If the sheet material is bowed, the concave side
onlyatitsultimateextremitybecauseofthelimitedpenetration
should be up to preclude any possibility of erroneous readings
of the diamond into the material being tested. Such penetration
due to spring effect. The minimum thicknesses of sheet in
is about 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) on mild steel and about 0.0005
various categories that may be tested are as follows:
in. (0.013 mm) on hardened tool steel. Further, the variation in
Thickness
hardness of commercially available industrial diamonds has a
Material in. mm
Hard steel 0.005 to 0.006 0.13 to 0.15
Half-hard brass strip 0.010 0.25
Cold-rolled steel 0.010 0.25
Model C and D Scleroscopes are manufactured by the Shore Instrument and
Annealed-brass sheet 0.015 0.38
Manufacturing Co., Inc., Jamaica, NY.
e1
E 448 – 82 (2002)
5.3 Finish—The degree of test-surface finish is important. 7.3 Spacing of Indentations—An error may result if the
An excessively coarse finish will yield low and erratic read- indentations are spaced too closely together. Space indenta-
ings. Hence, when necessary, the surface shall be filed, tions at least 0.020 in. (0.51 mm) apart and make only once at
machined, ground, or polished to permit accurate, consistent the same spot. Flat specimens with parallel surfaces may be
readings to be obtained. Care should be taken to avoid testedwithin ⁄4in.(6mm)oftheedgewhenproperlyclamped.
overheating or excessively cold working the s
...

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ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Portable hardness testers are used for testing materials that because of their size, location or other requirements such as test point are unable to be tested using traditional fixed instruments.  
3.2 Portable hardness testers, by their nature, induce variation that could influence the test results; therefore, hardness measurements made in accordance with this test method are not considered to meet the requirements of E10 or E18. The user should compare the results of the precision and bias studies in E110, E10 and E18 to understand the differences in results expected between portable and fixed instruments.  
3.3 Two test parameters that can significantly influence the measurement accuracy when using portable hardness testers are the alignment of the indenter to the test surface and the timing of the test forces. The user is cautioned to do everything possible to keep the centerline of the indenter perpendicular to the test surface and to apply the test forces using the same time cycle as defined in Test Method E10 or Test Methods E18.  
3.4 Portable hardness testers are delicate instruments that are subject to damage when they are moved from one test site to another. Therefore, repeating the daily verification process during the testing sequence is recommended to insure that they are working properly.  
3.5 Hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines the requirements for portable instruments that are intended to be used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by performing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field or outside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of the test piece prevents it from being tested on a standard E10 or E18 hardness tester.  
1.2 The principles used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness are the same as those defined in the E18 standard test method for Rockwell or E10 standard test method for Brinell.  
Note 1: Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred to in this test method as the standard methods.  
1.3 The portable hardness testers covered by this test method are verified only by the indirect verification method. Although the portable hardness testers are designed to employ the same test conditions as those defined in the standard test methods, the forces applied by the portable Rockwell and Brinell testers and the depth measuring systems of the portable Rockwell testers may not meet the tolerance requirements of the standard methods. Portable hardness testers shall use indenters that meet the requirements of the standard test methods.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to portable hardness testers that measure hardness by a means or procedure that is different than those defined in E10 or E18 For example, this test method does not apply to the methods defined in ASTM standard Practice A833, Test Methods A956 and A1038 or B647.  
1.5 A report section is included to define how to indicate that the test result was obtained by using a portable device that conforms to this document.  
1.6 Annex A1 is included that defines the periodic indirect verification and daily verification requirements for these instruments.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on...

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ASTM
ASTM E290-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. No reversal of the bend force shall be employed when conducting these tests.  
5.2 The type of bend test used determines the location of the forces and constraints on the bent portion of the specimen, ranging from no direct contact to continuous contact.  
5.3 The test can terminate at a given angle of bend over a specified radius of bend or continue until the specimen legs are in contact. The angle of bend can be measured while the specimen is under the bending force (usually when the semi-guided bend test is employed), or after removal of the force as when performing a free-bend test. Product requirements for the material being tested determine the method used.  
5.4 Materials with an as-fabricated cross section of rectangular, round, hexagonal, or similar defined shape can be tested in full section to evaluate their bend properties by using the procedures outlined in these test methods, in which case relative width and thickness requirements do not apply.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover bend testing for ductility of materials. Included in the procedures are four conditions of constraint on the bent portion of the specimen; a guided-bend test using a mandrel or plunger of defined dimensions to force the mid-length of the specimen between two supports separated by a defined space; a semi-guided bend test in which the specimen is bent, while in contact with a mandrel, through a specified angle of bend or to a specified inside radius of bend (r) measured while under the bending force; a free-bend test in which the ends of the specimen are brought toward each other, but in which no transverse force is applied to the bend itself and there is no contact of the concave inside surface of the bend with other material; a bend-and-flatten test, in which a transverse force is applied to the bend such that the legs make contact with each other over the length of the specimen.  
1.2 After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularities. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or surface irregularities visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product specification. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound values given in parentheses were used in establishing test parameters and are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E18-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.  
4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:    
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece  
Annex A5  
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A6  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.  
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p...

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ASTM
ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.  
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece  
Annex A2  
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines  
Appendix X3  
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.  
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.  
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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