ASTM F3122-14(2022)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
SCOPE
1.1 This standard serves as a guide to existing standards or variations of existing standards that may be applicable to determine specific mechanical properties of materials made with an additive manufacturing process.
1.2 As noted in many of these referenced standards, there are several factors that may influence the reported properties, including material, material anisotropy, method of material preparation, porosity, method of specimen preparation, testing environment, specimen alignment and gripping, testing speed, and testing temperature. These factors should be recorded, to the extent that they are known, according to Practice F2971 and the guidelines of the referenced standards.
1.3 The following standards are not referred to directly in the guide but also have information that may be useful in the testing of metal test specimens made via additive manufacturing: A370, A1058, B211, B348, B557, B565, B724, B769, E3, E6, E7, E290, E467, E468, E837, E915, E1049,E1823, E1942.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3122 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made
via Additive Manufacturing Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3122; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This standard serves as a guide to existing standards or
variations of existing standards that may be applicable to A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
of Steel Products
determine specific mechanical properties of materials made
with an additive manufacturing process. A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel
Products—Metric
1.2 As noted in many of these referenced standards, there
B211 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
are several factors that may influence the reported properties,
Rolled or Cold-Finished Bar, Rod, and Wire (Metric)
including material, material anisotropy, method of material
B0211_B0211M
preparation, porosity, method of specimen preparation, testing
B348 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars
environment, specimen alignment and gripping, testing speed,
and Billets
and testing temperature. These factors should be recorded, to
B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
the extent that they are known, according to Practice F2971
Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
and the guidelines of the referenced standards.
B565 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum and
1.3 The following standards are not referred to directly in
Aluminum-Alloy Rivets and Cold-Heading Wire and
the guide but also have information that may be useful in the
Rods
testing of metal test specimens made via additive manufactur-
B645 Practice for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
ing: A370, A1058, B211, B348, B557, B565, B724, B769, E3,
Toughness Testing of Aluminum Alloys
E6, E7, E290, E467, E468, E837, E915, E1049,E1823, E1942.
B646 Practice for Fracture Toughness Testing of Aluminum
Alloys
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
B647 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Alloys by Means of a Webster Hardness Gage
standard.
B648 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Alloys by Means of a Barcol Impressor
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
B724 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Alloys by Means of a Newage, Portable, Non-Caliper-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Type Instrument (Withdrawn 2013)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
B769 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
B909 Guide for Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Non-Stress Relieved Aluminum Products
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F42.01 on Test Methods. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
approved in 2014 as F3122–14. DOI: 10.1520/F3122-14R22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3122 − 14 (2022)
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma- E1450 Test Method for Tension Testing of StructuralAlloys
terials in Liquid Helium
E1457 Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
Growth Times in Metals
rials at Room Temperature
E1681 Test Method for Determining Threshold Stress Inten-
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
sityFactorforEnvironment-AssistedCrackingofMetallic
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
Materials
terials
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
E21 TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
E1823 TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
Metallic Materials
E1875 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Sonic Resonance
tallic Materials
E1876 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Impulse Excitation of
and Chord Modulus
Vibration
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
E1942 Guide for Evaluating DataAcquisition Systems Used
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
Fatigue Testing
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
E2472 Test Method for Determination of Resistance to
E143 Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature
Stable Crack Extension under Low-Constraint Conditions
E209 PracticeforCompressionTestsofMetallicMaterialsat
E2714 Test Method for Creep-Fatigue Testing
Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heat-
E2760 TestMethodforCreep-FatigueCrackGrowthTesting
ing Rates and Strain Rates
E2789 Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing
E238 Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic
F2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Pre-
Materials
pared by Additive Manufacturing
E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductil-
F2792 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technolo-
ity
gies (Withdrawn 2015)
E292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch
ISO/ASTM 52921 Terminology for Additive
Tension Tests of Materials
Manufacturing—Coordinate Systems and Test Method-
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate- ologies
rials 2.2 ISO Standards:
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture EN ISO 148-1 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum im-
Toughness of Metallic Materials pact test—Part 1: Test method
ISO 148-3 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum impact
E448 Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic
test—Part 3: Preparation and characterization of Charpy
Materials (Withdrawn 2017)
V-notch test pieces for indirect verification of pendulum
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant
impact machines
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
ISO 377 Steel and steel products—Location and preparation
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
ISO 1099 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial force-
E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
controlled method
tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
ISO 1143 Metallic materials—Rotating bar bending fatigue
E606 Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
testing
E647 Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack
ISO 1352 Metallic materials—Torque-controlled fatigue
Growth Rates
testing
E740 Practice for Fracture Testing with Surface-Crack Ten-
EN ISO 4545-1 Metallic materials—Knoop hardness test—
sion Specimens
Part 1: Test method
E837 Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the
ISO/DIS 5173 Destructive tests on welds in metallic
Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
materials—Bend tests
E915 PracticeforVerifyingtheAlignmentofX-RayDiffrac-
EN ISO 6506-1 Metallic materials—Brinell hardness test—
tion Instruments for Residual Stress Measurement
Part 1: Test method
E1049 Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis
EN ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials—Vickers hardness test—
E1221 Test Method for Determining Plane-Strain Crack-
Part 1: Test method
Arrest Fracture Toughness, K , of Ferritic Steels
Ia
EN ISO 6508 Metallic materials—Rockwell hardness test—
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement
Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N,
(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn
T)
2013)
E1304 Test Method for Plane-Strain (Chevron-Notch) Frac- 4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
ture Toughness of Metallic Materials 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
F3122 − 14 (2022)
ISO 6892-1 Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 1: wire-, and rod-shaped specimens with small diameters are
Method of test at room temperature difficult to build through an additive process.
ISO 6892-2 Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 2:
4.1.2 In the tension testing procedures outlined in Test
Method of test at elevated temperature
Methods E292 (for determining a material’s rupture strength)
EN ISO 7438 Metallic materials—Bend test
and Practice E740 (for determining metal plate yield strength),
ISO 11531 Metallic materials—Earing test
TestMethodsE8/E8M’smethodsarefollowed,butthesamples
ISO 12106 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial-
are first prepared with a notch or surface-crack before subject-
strain-controlled method
ing them to tension. While Test Method E292 is applicable to
ISO 12108 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Fatigue
materials made additively, it must be noted that thin specimens
crack growth method
made according to Practice E740 may be challenging to make
ISO 12111 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Strain-
in some additive manufacturing processes.
controlled thermomechanical fatigue testing method
4.1.3 Two ISO Standards, ISO 26203-1 and ISO 26203-2,
ISO 12135 Metallic materials—Unified method of test for
describe testing sheet metal, such as the material used for
the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
automotive bodies, at high strain rates. These standards are not
ISO 12737 Metallic materials—Determination of plane-
applicable to materials made additively, because sheet material
strain fracture toughness
would not be made with such a process.
ISO 14556 Steel—Charpy V-notch pendulum impact test—
4.2 Compression:
Instrumented test method
4.2.1 The procedures outlined in Test Methods E9 and
EN ISO 14577 Metallic materials—Instrumented indenta-
Practice E209 describe the basic method for uniaxial compres-
tion test for hardness and materials parameters—Part 1:
sion testing of metallic samples at various temperatures. The
Test method
procedures are used in determining a material’s compressive
ISO/TR 14936 Metallic materials—Strain analysis report
yield strength and compression strength. These standards are
ISO 15579 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at low tem-
applicable to materials made additively, but not all of the
perature
sample types (thin sheets) can be successfully built through an
ISO 19819 Metallic materials—Tensile testing in liquid
additive process.
helium
ISO 22889 Metallic materials—Method of test for the deter-
4.3 Bearing:
mination of resistance to stable crack extension using
4.3.1 TheproceduresoutlinedinTestMethodE238describe
specimens of low constraint
the method used to determine bearing yield strength and
ISO 26203-1 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at high
bearing strength for a rectangular metal specimen containing a
strain rates—Part 1: Elastic-bar-type systems
hole for a bearing pin. This standard is applicable to materials
ISO 26203-2 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at high
made additively, but the surface finish requirements and some
strain rates—Part 2: Servo-hydraulic and other test sys-
thickness requirements for the specimen may be problematic
tems
for some additive manufacturing processes.
ISO 27306 Metallic materials—Method of constraint loss
4.4 Bend:
correctionofCTODfracturetoughnessforfractureassess-
ment of steel components
4.4.1 Practice E209 describes the methods that determine
ISO/TR 29381 Metallic materials—Measurement of me-
the limit of plastic deformation allowed in a metallic material
chanical properties by an instrumented indentation test—
during bending. The criterion used to evaluate the quality of
Indentation tensile properties materials includes their ability to resist cracking or other
ISO 3369 Impermeable sintered metal materials and
surface irregularities. ISO 7438 includes plastic deformation
hardmetals—Determination of density methods to evaluate a material’s ability to resist cracking. ISO
ISO 3452-1 Non-destructive-testing—Penetration testing—
7438 also includes the methodology behind measuring the
Part 1: General principles bending strength, the limit of elasticity bending, bending
moments and the bending angle using plastic deformation
3. Terminology
methods. These standards are also applicable for metal based
3.1 Definitions:
additive manufactured parts.
3.1.1 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in
4.5 Modulus:
Terminology F2792 shall apply.
4.5.1 The following section includes standard test methods
3.1.2 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in
to evaluate elastic moduli and Poisson’s Ratio. These test
ISO/ASTM 52921 shall apply.
methods could be used in the determination of elastic proper-
4. Measuring Deformation Properties
ties of metal based AM materials.
4.1 Tension: 4.5.2 Tension tests, as described by Test Methods E8/E8M,
4.1.1 The procedures outlined in Test Methods E8/E8M, can be used to determine the Young’s modulus, tangent
E21, E1450, ISO 6892-1, ISO 6892-2, ISO 15579, and ISO modulus and chord modulus of AM structural materials. Test
19819 explain guidelines for tension testing under various Method E111 describes how to determine the elastic material
conditions to determine a material’s yield and tensile strengths. property based on the ten
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F3122 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made
via Additive Manufacturing Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3122; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This standard serves as a guide to existing standards or 2.1 ASTM Standards:
variations of existing standards that may be applicable to A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
determine specific mechanical properties of materials made of Steel Products
with an additive manufacturing process. A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel
Products—Metric
1.2 As noted in many of these referenced standards, there
B211 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
are several factors that may influence the reported properties,
Rolled or Cold-Finished Bar, Rod, and Wire (Metric)
including material, material anisotropy, method of material
B0211_B0211M
preparation, porosity, method of specimen preparation, testing
B348 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars
environment, specimen alignment and gripping, testing speed,
and Billets
and testing temperature. These factors should be recorded, to
B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
the extent that they are known, according to Practice F2971
Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
and the guidelines of the referenced standards.
B565 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum and
1.3 The following standards are not referred to directly in
Aluminum-Alloy Rivets and Cold-Heading Wire and
the guide but also have information that may be useful in the
Rods
testing of metal test specimens made via additive manufactur-
B645 Practice for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
ing: A370, A1058, B211, B348, B557, B565, B724, B769, E3,
Toughness Testing of Aluminum Alloys
E6, E7, E290, E467, E468, E837, E915, E1049,E1823, E1942.
B646 Practice for Fracture Toughness Testing of Aluminum
Alloys
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this B647 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum
Alloys by Means of a Webster Hardness Gage
standard.
B648 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Alloys by Means of a Barcol Impressor
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
B724 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Alloys by Means of a Newage, Portable, Non-Caliper-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Type Instrument (Withdrawn 2013)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
B769 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
B909 Guide for Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Non-Stress Relieved Aluminum Products
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F42.01 on Test Methods. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
approved in 2014 as F3122–14. DOI: 10.1520/F3122-14R22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3122 − 14 (2022)
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma- E1450 Test Method for Tension Testing of Structural Alloys
in Liquid Helium
terials
E1457 Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
Growth Times in Metals
rials at Room Temperature
E1681 Test Method for Determining Threshold Stress Inten-
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
sity Factor for Environment-Assisted Cracking of Metallic
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
Materials
terials
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
Metallic Materials
E1875 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Sonic Resonance
tallic Materials
E1876 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Impulse Excitation of
and Chord Modulus
Vibration
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
E1942 Guide for Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
Fatigue Testing
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
E2472 Test Method for Determination of Resistance to
E143 Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature
Stable Crack Extension under Low-Constraint Conditions
E209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at
E2714 Test Method for Creep-Fatigue Testing
Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heat-
E2760 Test Method for Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth Testing
ing Rates and Strain Rates
E2789 Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing
E238 Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic
F2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Pre-
Materials
pared by Additive Manufacturing
E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductil-
F2792 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technolo-
ity
gies (Withdrawn 2015)
E292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch
ISO/ASTM 52921 Terminology for Additive
Tension Tests of Materials
Manufacturing—Coordinate Systems and Test Method-
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
ologies
rials 2.2 ISO Standards:
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture EN ISO 148-1 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum im-
pact test—Part 1: Test method
Toughness of Metallic Materials
ISO 148-3 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum impact
E448 Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic
test—Part 3: Preparation and characterization of Charpy
Materials (Withdrawn 2017)
V-notch test pieces for indirect verification of pendulum
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant
impact machines
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
ISO 377 Steel and steel products—Location and preparation
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing
namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
ISO 1099 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial force-
E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
controlled method
tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
ISO 1143 Metallic materials—Rotating bar bending fatigue
E606 Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
testing
E647 Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack
ISO 1352 Metallic materials—Torque-controlled fatigue
Growth Rates
testing
E740 Practice for Fracture Testing with Surface-Crack Ten-
EN ISO 4545-1 Metallic materials—Knoop hardness test—
sion Specimens
Part 1: Test method
E837 Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the
ISO/DIS 5173 Destructive tests on welds in metallic
Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
materials—Bend tests
E915 Practice for Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray Diffrac-
EN ISO 6506-1 Metallic materials—Brinell hardness test—
tion Instruments for Residual Stress Measurement
Part 1: Test method
E1049 Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis
EN ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials—Vickers hardness test—
E1221 Test Method for Determining Plane-Strain Crack-
Part 1: Test method
Arrest Fracture Toughness, K , of Ferritic Steels
Ia
EN ISO 6508 Metallic materials—Rockwell hardness test—
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement
Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N,
(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn
T)
2013)
E1304 Test Method for Plane-Strain (Chevron-Notch) Frac- 4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
ture Toughness of Metallic Materials 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
F3122 − 14 (2022)
ISO 6892-1 Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 1: wire-, and rod-shaped specimens with small diameters are
Method of test at room temperature difficult to build through an additive process.
ISO 6892-2 Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 2:
4.1.2 In the tension testing procedures outlined in Test
Method of test at elevated temperature
Methods E292 (for determining a material’s rupture strength)
EN ISO 7438 Metallic materials—Bend test
and Practice E740 (for determining metal plate yield strength),
ISO 11531 Metallic materials—Earing test
Test Methods E8/E8M’s methods are followed, but the samples
ISO 12106 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial-
are first prepared with a notch or surface-crack before subject-
strain-controlled method
ing them to tension. While Test Method E292 is applicable to
ISO 12108 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Fatigue
materials made additively, it must be noted that thin specimens
crack growth method
made according to Practice E740 may be challenging to make
ISO 12111 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Strain-
in some additive manufacturing processes.
controlled thermomechanical fatigue testing method
4.1.3 Two ISO Standards, ISO 26203-1 and ISO 26203-2,
ISO 12135 Metallic materials—Unified method of test for
describe testing sheet metal, such as the material used for
the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
automotive bodies, at high strain rates. These standards are not
ISO 12737 Metallic materials—Determination of plane-
applicable to materials made additively, because sheet material
strain fracture toughness
would not be made with such a process.
ISO 14556 Steel—Charpy V-notch pendulum impact test—
4.2 Compression:
Instrumented test method
4.2.1 The procedures outlined in Test Methods E9 and
EN ISO 14577 Metallic materials—Instrumented indenta-
Practice E209 describe the basic method for uniaxial compres-
tion test for hardness and materials parameters—Part 1:
sion testing of metallic samples at various temperatures. The
Test method
procedures are used in determining a material’s compressive
ISO/TR 14936 Metallic materials—Strain analysis report
yield strength and compression strength. These standards are
ISO 15579 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at low tem-
applicable to materials made additively, but not all of the
perature
sample types (thin sheets) can be successfully built through an
ISO 19819 Metallic materials—Tensile testing in liquid
additive process.
helium
ISO 22889 Metallic materials—Method of test for the deter-
4.3 Bearing:
mination of resistance to stable crack extension using
4.3.1 The procedures outlined in Test Method E238 describe
specimens of low constraint
the method used to determine bearing yield strength and
ISO 26203-1 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at high
bearing strength for a rectangular metal specimen containing a
strain rates—Part 1: Elastic-bar-type systems
hole for a bearing pin. This standard is applicable to materials
ISO 26203-2 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at high
made additively, but the surface finish requirements and some
strain rates—Part 2: Servo-hydraulic and other test sys-
thickness requirements for the specimen may be problematic
tems
for some additive manufacturing processes.
ISO 27306 Metallic materials—Method of constraint loss
4.4 Bend:
correction of CTOD fracture toughness for fracture assess-
ment of steel components
4.4.1 Practice E209 describes the methods that determine
ISO/TR 29381 Metallic materials—Measurement of me-
the limit of plastic deformation allowed in a metallic material
chanical properties by an instrumented indentation test— during bending. The criterion used to evaluate the quality of
Indentation tensile properties
materials includes their ability to resist cracking or other
ISO 3369 Impermeable sintered metal materials and surface irregularities. ISO 7438 includes plastic deformation
hardmetals—Determination of density
methods to evaluate a material’s ability to resist cracking. ISO
ISO 3452-1 Non-destructive-testing—Penetration testing— 7438 also includes the methodology behind measuring the
Part 1: General principles
bending strength, the limit of elasticity bending, bending
moments and the bending angle using plastic deformation
3. Terminology
methods. These standards are also applicable for metal based
3.1 Definitions:
additive manufactured parts.
3.1.1 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in
4.5 Modulus:
Terminology F2792 shall apply.
4.5.1 The following section includes standard test methods
3.1.2 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in
to evaluate elastic moduli and Poisson’s Ratio. These test
ISO/ASTM 52921 shall apply.
methods could be used in the determination of elastic proper-
4. Measuring Deformation Properties
ties of metal based AM materials.
4.1 Tension: 4.5.2 Tension tests, as described by Test Methods E8/E8M,
4.1.1 The procedures outlined in Test Methods E8/E8M, can be used to determine the Young’s modulus, tangent
E21, E1450, ISO 6892-1, ISO 6892-2, ISO 15579, and ISO modulus and chord modulus of AM structural materials. Test
19819 explain guidelines for tension testing under various Method E111 describes how to determine the elastic material
conditions to determine a material’s yield and tensile strengths. property based on the tension test (E8/E8M) or compression
All are applicable to materials made additivel
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F3122 − 14 F3122 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made
via Additive Manufacturing Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3122; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard serves as a guide to existing standards or variations of existing standards that may be applicable to determine
specific mechanical properties of materials made with an additive manufacturing process.
1.2 As noted in many of these referenced standards, there are several factors that may influence the reported properties, including
material, material anisotropy, method of material preparation, porosity, method of specimen preparation, testing environment,
specimen alignment and gripping, testing speed, and testing temperature. These factors should be recorded, to the extent that they
are known, according to Practice F2971 and the guidelines of the referenced standards.
1.3 The following standards are not referred to directly in the guide but also have information that may be useful in the testing
of metal test specimens made via additive manufacturing: A370, A1058, B211, B348, B557, B565, B724, B769, E3, E6, E7, E290,
E467, E468, E837, E915, E1049,E1823, E1942.
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products—Metric
B211 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Rolled or Cold-Finished Bar, Rod, and Wire (Metric) B0211_B0211M
B348 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Bars and Billets
B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
This test method guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F42.01 on Test Methods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014April 1, 2022. Published December 2014April 2022. Originally approved in 2014 as F3122–14. DOI: 10.1520/F3122-14.10.1520/
F3122-14R22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3122 − 14 (2022)
B565 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Rivets and Cold-Heading Wire and Rods
B645 Practice for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of Aluminum Alloys
B646 Practice for Fracture Toughness Testing of Aluminum Alloys
B647 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum Alloys by Means of a Webster Hardness Gage
B648 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum Alloys by Means of a Barcol Impressor
B724 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum Alloys by Means of a Newage, Portable, Non-Caliper-Type
Instrument (Withdrawn 2013)
B769 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys
B909 Guide for Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Testing of Non-Stress Relieved Aluminum Products
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,
Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
E143 Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature
E209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates
and Strain Rates
E238 Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic Materials
E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility
E292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of Materials
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
E448 Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2017)
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dynamic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
E606 Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
E647 Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates
E740 Practice for Fracture Testing with Surface-Crack Tension Specimens
E837 Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
E915 Practice for Verifying the Alignment of X-Ray Diffraction Instruments for Residual Stress Measurement
E1049 Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis
E1221 Test Method for Determining Plane-Strain Crack-Arrest Fracture Toughness, K , of Ferritic Steels
Ia
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn 2013)
E1304 Test Method for Plane-Strain (Chevron-Notch) Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials
E1450 Test Method for Tension Testing of Structural Alloys in Liquid Helium
E1457 Test Method for Measurement of Creep Crack Growth Times in Metals
E1681 Test Method for Determining Threshold Stress Intensity Factor for Environment-Assisted Cracking of Metallic Materials
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
E1875 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Sonic Resonance
E1876 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
E1942 Guide for Evaluating Data Acquisition Systems Used in Cyclic Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Testing
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical Fatigue Testing
E2472 Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Stable Crack Extension under Low-Constraint Conditions
E2714 Test Method for Creep-Fatigue Testing
E2760 Test Method for Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth Testing
E2789 Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
F3122 − 14 (2022)
F2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Prepared by Additive Manufacturing
F2792 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies (Withdrawn 2015)
ISO/ASTM 52921 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
2.2 ISO Standards:
EN ISO 148-1 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum impact test—Part 1: Test method
ISO 148-3 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum impact test—Part 3: Preparation and characterization of Charpy V-notch test
pieces for indirect verification of pendulum impact machines
ISO 377 Steel and steel products—Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical testing
ISO 1099 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial force-controlled method
ISO 1143 Metallic materials—Rotating bar bending fatigue testing
ISO 1352 Metallic materials—Torque-controlled fatigue testing
EN ISO 4545-1 Metallic materials—Knoop hardness test—Part 1: Test method
ISO/DIS 5173 Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials—Bend tests
EN ISO 6506-1 Metallic materials—Brinell hardness test—Part 1: Test method
EN ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials—Vickers hardness test—Part 1: Test method
EN ISO 6508 Metallic materials—Rockwell hardness test—Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)
ISO 6892-1 Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 6892-2 Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 2: Method of test at elevated temperature
EN ISO 7438 Metallic materials—Bend test
ISO 11531 Metallic materials—Earing test
ISO 12106 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial-strain-controlled method
ISO 12108 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Fatigue crack growth method
ISO 12111 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Strain-controlled thermomechanical fatigue testing method
ISO 12135 Metallic materials—Unified method of test for the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
ISO 12737 Metallic materials—Determination of plane-strain fracture toughness
ISO 14556 Steel—Charpy V-notch pendulum impact test—Instrumented test method
EN ISO 14577 Metallic materials—Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters—Part 1: Test method
ISO/TR 14936 Metallic materials—Strain analysis report
ISO 15579 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at low temperature
ISO 19819 Metallic materials—Tensile testing in liquid helium
ISO 22889 Metallic materials—Method of test for the determination of resistance to stable crack extension using specimens of
low constraint
ISO 26203-1 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at high strain rates—Part 1: Elastic-bar-type systems
ISO 26203-2 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at high strain rates—Part 2: Servo-hydraulic and other test systems
ISO 27306 Metallic materials—Method of constraint loss correction of CTOD fracture toughness for fracture assessment of steel
components
ISO/TR 29381 Metallic materials—Measurement of mechanical properties by an instrumented indentation test—Indentation
tensile properties
ISO 3369 Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals—Determination of density
ISO 3452-1 Non-destructive-testing—Penetration testing—Part 1: General principles
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in Terminology F2792 shall apply.
3.1.2 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in ISO/ASTM 52921 shall apply.
4. Measuring Deformation Properties
4.1 Tension:
4.1.1 The procedures outlined in Test Methods E8/E8M, E21, E1450, ISO 6892-1, ISO 6892-2, ISO 15579, and ISO 19819 explain
guidelines for tension testing under various conditions to determine a material’s yield and tensile strengths. All are applicable to
materials made additively, but sheet-, wire-, and rod-shaped specimens with small diameters are difficult to build through an
additive process.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
F3122 − 14 (2022)
4.1.2 In the tension testing procedures outlined in Test Methods E292 (for determining a material’s rupture strength) and Practice
E740 (for determining metal plate yield strength), Test Methods E8/E8M’s methods are followed, but the samples are first prepared
with a notch or surface-crack before subjecting them to tension. While Test Method E292 is applicable to materials made
additively, it must be noted that thin specimens made according to Practice E740 may be challenging to make in some additive
manufacturing processes.
4.1.3 Two ISO Standards, ISO 26203-1 and ISO 26203-2, describe testing sheet metal, such as the material used for automotive
bodies, at high strain rates. These standards are not applicable to materials made additively, because sheet material would not be
made with such a process.
4.2 Compression:
4.2.1 The procedures outlined in Test Methods E9 and Practice E209 describe the basic method for uniaxial compression testing
of metallic samples at various temperatures. The procedures are used in determining a material’s compressive yield strength and
compression strength. These standards are applicable to materials made additively, but not all of the sample types (thin sheets) can
be successfully built through an additive process.
4.3 Bearing:
4.3.1 The procedures outlined in Test Method E238 describe the method used to determine bearing yield strength and bearing
strength for a rectangular metal specimen containing a hole for a bearing pin. This standard is applicable to materials made
additively, but the surface finish requirements and some thickness requirements for the specimen may be problematic for some
additive manufacturing processes.
4.4 Bend:
4.4.1 Practice E209 describes the methods that determine the limit of plastic deformation allowed in a metallic material during
bending. The criterion used to evaluate the quality of materials includes their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities.
ISO 7438 includes plastic deformation methods to evaluate a material’s ability to resist cracking. ISO 7438 also includes the
methodology behind measuring the bending strength, the limit of elasticity bending, bending moments and the bending angle using
plastic deformation methods. These standards are also applicable for metal based additive manufactured parts.
4.5 Modulus:
4.5.1 The following section includes standard test methods to evaluate elastic moduli and Poisson’s Ratio. These test methods
could b
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.