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ASTM D7048-04

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs

Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs

SCOPE
1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present a variety of statistical approaches for assessment, compliance and corrective action environmental monitoring programs. Although the methods provided here are appropriate and often optimal for many environmental monitoring problems, they do not preclude use of other statistical approaches that may be equally or even more useful for certain site-specific applications.
1.2 In the following sections, complete details of select statistical procedures used in assessment and corrective action programs for environmental monitoring (soil, ground water, air, surface water, and waste streams) are presented.
1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also be appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for monitoring situations or media that are not presented in this document.
1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience and professional judgements. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word Standard in the title of this document only means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2004
ICS
13.020.10 - Environmental management
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7048-04(2010) - Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
Effective Date
01-Jul-2010
Referred By
ASTM E3242-20 - Standard Guide for Determination of Representative Sediment Background Concentrations
Effective Date
01-May-2004

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ASTM D7048-04 - Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring ProgramsASTM D7048-04 - Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
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ASTM D7048-04 - Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7048–04
Standard Guide for
Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective
1
Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present a 2.1 ASTM Standards:
variety of statistical approaches for assessment, compliance D5092 PracticeforDesignandInstallationofGroundWater
and corrective action environmental monitoring programs. Monitoring Wells
Although the methods provided here are appropriate and often D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
optimalformanyenvironmentalmonitoringproblems,theydo lated to Waste Management Activities: Development of
not preclude use of other statistical approaches that may be Data Quality Objectives
equally or even more useful for certain site-specific applica- D6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Con-
tions. fidenceLimitforStatisticalTestingofMeanConcentration
1.2 In the following sections, complete details of select in Waste Management Decisions
statistical procedures used in assessment and corrective action D6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-
programs for environmental monitoring (soil, ground water, proaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Pro-
air, surface water, and waste streams) are presented. grams
1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following
3. Terminology
sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also
be appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for moni- 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 assessment monitoring—investigative monitoring that
toring situations or media that are not presented in this
document. is initiated after the presence of a contaminant has been
detected in ground water above a relevant criterion at one or
1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of informa-
morelocations.Theobjectiveoftheprogramistodetermineif
tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
course of action. This document cannot replace education, there is a statistical exceedance of a standard or criteria at a
Potential Area of Concern (PAOC) or at the ground water
experienceandprofessionaljudgements.Notallaspectsofthis
practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM discharging to surface water interface, and/or to quantify the
rate and extent of migration of constituents detected in ground
standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of
care by which the adequacy of a given professional service water above applicable criteria.
3.1.2 compliance monitoring—as specified under 40 CFR
must be judged without consideration of a project’s many
uniqueaspects.ThewordStandardinthetitleofthisdocument 264.99, compliance monitoring is instituted when hazardous
constituents have been detected above a relevant criterion at
only means that the document has been approved through the
ASTM consensus process. the compliance point during RCRA detection monitoring.
Ground-water samples are collected at the compliance point,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the facilitypropertyboundary,andupgradientmonitoringwellsfor
analysis of hazardous constituents to determine if they are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- leaving the regulated unit at statistically significant concentra-
tions above background.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
2
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Vadose Zone Investigations. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7048-04. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7048–04
3.1.3 corrective action monitoring—under RCRA, correc- 3.1.13 nonparametric prediction limit—the largest (or sec-
tive action monitoring is instituted when hazardous constitu- ond largest) of n background samples. The confidence level
associatedwiththenonparametricpredictionlimitisafunction
ents
...

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Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The principal use of this standard is in assessment, compliance and corrective action environmental monitoring programs (for example, for a facility that could potentially contaminate groundwater). The significance of the guidance is that it presents a statistical method that allows comparison of groundwater data to regulatory and/or health based limits.  
5.2 Of course, there is considerable support for statistical methods applied to detection, assessment and corrective action monitoring programs that can be applied to environmental sites.  
Note 1: For example, in the United States, the 90 % upper confidence limit (UCL) of the mean is used in USEPA’s SW846 (Chapter 9) for determining if a waste is hazardous. If the UCL is less than the criterion for a particular hazardous waste code, then the waste is not a hazardous waste even if certain individual measurements exceed the criterion. Similarly, in the USEPA Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities Addendum to the Interim Final Guidance (1992) (2), confidence intervals for the mean and various upper percentiles of the distribution are advocated for assessment and corrective action. Interestingly, both the 1989 and 1992 USEPA guidance documents (2, 3) suggest use of the lower 95 % confidence limit (LCL) as a tool for determining whether a criterion has been exceeded in assessment monitoring.
The latest guidance in this area calls for use of the LCL in assessment monitoring and the UCL in corrective action. In this way, corrective action is only triggered if there is a high degree of confidence that the true concentration has exceeded the criterion or standard, whereas corrective action continues until there is a high degree of confidence that the true concentration is below the criterion or standard. This is the general approach adopted in this guide, as well.  
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1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present a variety of statistical approaches for assessment, compliance and corrective action environmental monitoring programs. Although the methods provided here are appropriate and often optimal for many environmental monitoring problems, they do not preclude use of other statistical approaches that may be equally or even more useful for certain site-specific applications.  
1.2 In the following sections, the details of select statistical procedures used in assessment and corrective action programs for environmental monitoring (soil, groundwater, air, surface water, and waste streams) are presented.  
1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also be appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for monitoring situations or media that are not presented in this document.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes a general approach for the use of existing wells in environmental investigations with a primary focus on the subsurface and major factors affecting the surface and subsurface environment.  
4.2 Existing wells represent a valuable source of information for subsurface environmental investigations. Specific uses of existing wells include:  
4.2.1 Well driller logs provide information on subsurface lithology and major water-bearing units in an area. Existing wells can also offer access for downhole geophysical logging for stratigraphic and aquifer interpretations. Examples include natural gamma logs in cased wells and an entire suite of methods in uncased bedrock wells (see Guide D5753). This information can assist in developing the preliminary conceptual model of the site.  
4.2.2 Well tests using existing wells may provide information on the hydrologic characteristics of an aquifer.  
4.2.3 Monitoring of water levels in existing wells, provided that they are cased in the aquifer of interest, allow development of potentiometric maps and interpretations of groundwater flow directions and gradients.  
4.2.4 Existing wells are the primary means by which regional drinking water quality is evaluated and monitored.  
4.2.5 Existing wells may assist in the mapping of contaminant plumes, and in ongoing monitoring of groundwater quality changes at the site-specific level.  
4.3 Data from existing wells should only be used when characteristics of the well have been sufficiently documented to determine that they satisfy criteria for the purpose for which the data are to be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of existing wells for environmental site characterization and monitoring. It covers the following major topics: criteria for determining the suitability of existing wells for hydrogeologic characterization and groundwater quality monitoring, types of data needed to document the suitability of an existing well, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of existing large- and small-capacity wells.  
1.2 This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5730, that provides a general approach for environmental site investigations.  
1.3 This guide does not specifically address design and construction of new monitoring or supply wells. Refer to Practices D5092 and D5787.  
1.4 This guide does not specifically address groundwater sampling procedures. Refer to Guide D5903.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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ASTM E2173-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Disclosure of Environmental Liabilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance—This guide provides additional guidance to preparers of environmental disclosures; these materials are needed to address changing audience needs, the increased regulatory and accounting complexity around environmental matters, and the emergence of a variety of long-term trends and factors, including but not limited to:  
4.1.1 Number and scope of domestic, and foreign environmental laws and their implementing regulations;  
4.1.2 Number and scope of treaties, as well as the implementing laws and regulations; parties in these treaties include multilateral organizations and indigenous peoples;  
4.1.3 Judicial decisions clarifying the impact of laws, regulations, and treaties;  
4.1.4 Costs of compliance with environmental regulations;  
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4.1.7 Knowledge about benefits and effects of chemical compounds on human health, ecological receptors, and the environment;  
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4.1.9 Experience with assessing and remediating environmental conditions;  
4.1.10 Assumptions regarding impacts of environmental conditions, through modeling and other forecasting tools;  
4.1.11 Number of environmental, social and governance (ESG) metrics and their pace of adoption;  
4.1.12 Frequency and financial impact of counterparty failure; and  
4.1.13 Development of comparable accounting standards by other authorities; and  
4.1.14 Investor interest in the impact of these trends and factors on their investments.  
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1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options or instructions consistent with good commercial and customary practice in the United States for environmental liability disclosures accompanying audited and unaudited financial statements. This guide is consistent with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)2 issued by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), as well as related statements, rules, regulations, and/or procedures issued by Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB), Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). This guide is intended to be consistent with national and multinational issuers of accounting standards and practices, including International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).  
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1.2.1 Identify the common terminology used in environmental disclosures,  
1.2.2 Explain the need for environmental disclosures,  
1.2.3 Define the conditions warranting disclosure, and  
1.2.4 Illustrate the report formats and content typically used in environmental disclosures.  
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4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.  
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4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.  
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.  
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.  
1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.  
1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step-by-step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.  
1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide may be used for environmental compliance performance assessment in the United States in a wide variety of applications and is not particularly limited to one type of user. The following groups of users may find the guide particularly helpful:  
4.1.1 Small businesses or enterprises;  
4.1.2 Service industries;  
4.1.3 Federal, state or local facilities and regulators, including departments of health and fire departments;  
4.1.4 Financial and insurance institutions;  
4.1.5 Waste managers, including liquid and solid waste haulers, treatment, recycling, disposal and transfer;  
4.1.6 Consultants, auditors, inspectors and compliance assistance personnel;  
4.1.7 Educational facilities;  
4.1.8 Property, buildings and grounds management, including landscaping;  
4.1.9 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military; and  
4.1.10 Specific industrial sectors such as dry cleaners, printers, photo processors, laboratories, health care, and vehicle fueling, maintenance and delivery.  
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1.1 Overview—This guide is an organized collection of information and series of options for industry, regulators, auditors, consultants and the public, intended to measure compliance with environmental performance standards against established benchmarks. It focuses on compliance with air, water, waste prevention, waste management, and toxic reduction standards for facilities in the United States. While the guide does not recommend a specific course of action, it establishes a tiered framework of essential components, beginning with those standards where a deviation presents the greatest potential public health, environmental, and business risks. In each identified pathway, at each tier or step of analysis, the guide outlines ways to identify compliance options and reduce pollution in iterative steps. The goal in using the guide is to lower environmental, public health and business risks from Tiers 1 and 2 to Tiers 3 and 4, by evaluating the performance standards described in this guide. While this guide provides a simplified framework of explicit steps for users, a qualified professional should conduct detailed, site-specific risk analysis. This guide may act as a starting point for organizations with limited experience in systematic environmental assessment. As facilities develop their specific plan framework, they will find that risk is weighted by more than just a few parameters. For each facility risk is the complex interaction among location, size, history, surrounding community and ecological zones.  
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Standard Practice for Environmental Regulatory Compliance Audits

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Intended Use—This practice is intended for use by parties who wish to perform or direct an audit, or rely upon audit findings or an audit report. Such use includes audits by internal and external auditors.  
4.2 Other Audit Criteria—Other audit criteria may be included in the audit scope if specified in the audit plan. Examples include safety and health requirements, and technical, operational, and management requirements.  
4.3 Related ASTM Standards—This practice is related to Practice E1527, which addresses CERCLA liability, and Practice E1528, which addresses due diligence for commercial real estate. A number of terms and procedures from these practices are similar to terms and procedures associated with this practice but they may not be the same. Guide E2365 addresses environmental compliance assessment and may be an appropriate tool for some environmental regulatory compliance audits. The user is advised that Guide E2365 is not an all-encompassing compliance assessment tool. Guide E3123 addresses the five types of environmental liabilities named in generally-accepted accounting principles (asset retirement obligations, environmental obligations, commitments, contingencies and guarantees).  
4.3.1 Not Interchangeable—Although distantly related to Practices E1527 and E1528, this practice is designed to achieve different results. Therefore, these practices shall not be used interchangeably with, or in place of, this practice.  
4.4 Related ISO Guidelines—The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed guidelines addressing environmental auditing. These are ISO 14001-2015 and 19011-2018. A number of terms and procedures from these guidelines may be similar to terms and procedures associated with this practice but they may not be the same. ISO 14001-2015 added several compliance evaluation criteria, including Section 9.1.2 (Evaluation of Compliance) and Section 9.2 (Internal Audits).  
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SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice2 identifies minimum requirements for environmental regulatory compliance audits (audits). It also provides information on the terms and procedures associated with audits as practiced in the United States of America (USA) and other jurisdictions subject to the laws thereof. It provides a reference to which interested parties may refer for definition and description of accepted audit terms and procedures.  
1.2 Background:  
1.2.1 Awareness of Benefits Associated with Audits—Various benefits have been attributed to audits. These benefits may include a better understanding of the compliance status of a facility or organization, identification of opportunities for environmental management systems improvements, reduction or elimination of potential legal and financial liabilities when implemented as part of a comprehensive compliance management program, better communications and improved relationships with governmental agencies, communities, and other stakeholders, providing information for development of both short-term and long-term environmental expenditures, and education of employees.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis for evaluating data for long term storage as they relate to environmental matters. The user may elect to apply this guide for any or all of these purposes:  
4.1.1 Determining an entity’s document retention policies;  
4.1.2 Designing and implementing a system for cataloging the documents stored under this guide;  
4.1.3 Documenting whether a property is subject to regulatory action;  
4.1.4 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks (for example, permits, plant, or process expansion) are being recognized at similar points in their lifecycle per Guide E3123;  
4.1.5 Supporting evaluation of whether similar environmental risks and liabilities are being managed to similar outcomes per Guide E3123;  
4.1.6 Supporting the determination of liability values per Guide E2137;  
4.1.7 Supporting due diligence analysis for proposed mergers, acquisitions, or spinoffs;  
4.1.8 Documenting key decisions on environmental liability provisions, reserves, budgets, and cash flow forecasts, including recognition benchmarks and obligating events (see Guide E3123);  
4.1.9 Providing documentation to support the identification and analysis of liabilities associated with:  
4.1.9.1 Certain remedial alternatives;
4.1.9.2 Future land uses, property transfer, and redevelopment decisions;
4.1.9.3 Land use alternatives for former landfills and chemically impacted sites; and
4.1.9.4 Meeting regulatory requirements;  
4.1.10 Designing and implementing project and program controls;  
4.1.11 Defending against third-party lawsuits;  
4.1.12 Calculating insurance premiums;  
4.1.13 Making and settling insurance claims;  
4.1.14 Making purchase accounting adjustments;  
4.1.15 Preparing an audit defense; and  
4.1.16 Completing financial and investment analysis.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes good commercial and customary practice in documenting environmental risks, project, and program knowledge.  
1.2 Considering that management of environmental liabilities can span very long timeframes, users of this guide understand that preserving key findings, decisions, obligations, commitments, and guarantees for coming generations of project teams is essential to efficient management of associated assets and liabilities.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Utilizing the Environmental Cost Element Structure Presented by Classification

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5.1 In addition to its cost management and project management functions, the ECES can also be used to support a number of other program and project functions. These functions include:  
5.1.1 Bid solicitation, collection, and evaluation;  
5.1.2 Communicating project data between installations, complexes, agencies, and industry;  
5.1.3 Providing a project checklist;  
5.1.4 Cost and schedule estimating;  
5.1.5 Historical cost/schedule data collection;  
5.1.6 Historical project data collection (for example, technology deployments, project conditions);  
5.1.7 Validating and calibrating cost estimates and software tools; and  
5.1.8 Establishing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned.  
5.2 Several government agencies are already incorporating this structure into existing and future cost estimating models, databases, and other similar software tools and systems.
SCOPE
1.1 The Environmental Cost Element Structure (ECES) covered by Classification E2150 (and Adjunct E2150) provides a consistent and comprehensive structure across all phases of environmental remediation projects and is a tool to improve the cost management of those projects. This guide is intended to facilitate the application of the ECES to any environmental remediation project, without regard to project size.  
1.2 Classification E2150 establishes the broad, top-level framework for environmental remediation projects by providing a hierarchical list of project elements to two levels of detail. Its associated Adjunct E2150 supports the top-level structure by providing more detailed elements and definitions of the ECES to three additional levels of detail. Although it is assumed that the user is familiar with Classification E2150, much of the content of the classification is repeated in this guide to relieve the user of the burden of back-and-forth referencing during use. It is assumed, however, that all users of this guide will have at hand both Classification E2150 and the Adjunct E2150 during project planning.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5980-16(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Documentation of Existing Wells for Use in Environmental Site Characterization and Monitoring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes a general approach for the use of existing wells in environmental investigations with a primary focus on the subsurface and major factors affecting the surface and subsurface environment.  
4.2 Existing wells represent a valuable source of information for subsurface environmental investigations. Specific uses of existing wells include:  
4.2.1 Well driller logs provide information on subsurface lithology and major water-bearing units in an area. Existing wells can also offer access for downhole geophysical logging for stratigraphic and aquifer interpretations. Examples include natural gamma logs in cased wells and an entire suite of methods in uncased bedrock wells (see Guide D5753). This information can assist in developing the preliminary conceptual model of the site.  
4.2.2 Well tests using existing wells may provide information on the hydrologic characteristics of an aquifer.  
4.2.3 Monitoring of water levels in existing wells, provided that they are cased in the aquifer of interest, allow development of potentiometric maps and interpretations of groundwater flow directions and gradients.  
4.2.4 Existing wells are the primary means by which regional drinking water quality is evaluated and monitored.  
4.2.5 Existing wells may assist in the mapping of contaminant plumes, and in ongoing monitoring of groundwater quality changes at the site-specific level.  
4.3 Data from existing wells should only be used when characteristics of the well have been sufficiently documented to determine that they satisfy criteria for the purpose for which the data are to be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of existing wells for environmental site characterization and monitoring. It covers the following major topics: criteria for determining the suitability of existing wells for hydrogeologic characterization and groundwater quality monitoring, types of data needed to document the suitability of an existing well, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of existing large- and small-capacity wells.  
1.2 This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5730, that provides a general approach for environmental site investigations.  
1.3 This guide does not specifically address design and construction of new monitoring or supply wells. Refer to Practices D5092 and D5787.  
1.4 This guide does not specifically address groundwater sampling procedures. Refer to Guide D5903.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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ASTM
ASTM D7048-16(Guide)
Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The principal use of this standard is in assessment, compliance and corrective action environmental monitoring programs (for example, for a facility that could potentially contaminate groundwater). The significance of the guidance is that it presents a statistical method that allows comparison of groundwater data to regulatory and/or health based limits.  
5.2 Of course, there is considerable support for statistical methods applied to detection, assessment and corrective action monitoring programs that can be applied to environmental sites.  
Note 1: For example, in the United States, the 90 % upper confidence limit (UCL) of the mean is used in USEPA’s SW846 (Chapter 9) for determining if a waste is hazardous. If the UCL is less than the criterion for a particular hazardous waste code, then the waste is not a hazardous waste even if certain individual measurements exceed the criterion. Similarly, in the USEPA Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities Addendum to the Interim Final Guidance (1992) (2), confidence intervals for the mean and various upper percentiles of the distribution are advocated for assessment and corrective action. Interestingly, both the 1989 and 1992 USEPA guidance documents (2, 3) suggest use of the lower 95 % confidence limit (LCL) as a tool for determining whether a criterion has been exceeded in assessment monitoring.
The latest guidance in this area calls for use of the LCL in assessment monitoring and the UCL in corrective action. In this way, corrective action is only triggered if there is a high degree of confidence that the true concentration has exceeded the criterion or standard, whereas corrective action continues until there is a high degree of confidence that the true concentration is below the criterion or standard. This is the general approach adopted in this guide, as well.  
5.3 There are several reasons why statistical methods are needed in assessment and corrective action monitoring pr...
SCOPE
1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present a variety of statistical approaches for assessment, compliance and corrective action environmental monitoring programs. Although the methods provided here are appropriate and often optimal for many environmental monitoring problems, they do not preclude use of other statistical approaches that may be equally or even more useful for certain site-specific applications.  
1.2 In the following sections, the details of select statistical procedures used in assessment and corrective action programs for environmental monitoring (soil, groundwater, air, surface water, and waste streams) are presented.  
1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also be appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for monitoring situations or media that are not presented in this document.  
1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience and professional judgements. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word Standard in the title of this document only means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

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