ASTM D7048-16
(Guide)Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
Standard Guide for Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The principal use of this standard is in assessment, compliance and corrective action environmental monitoring programs (for example, for a facility that could potentially contaminate groundwater). The significance of the guidance is that it presents a statistical method that allows comparison of groundwater data to regulatory and/or health based limits.
5.2 Of course, there is considerable support for statistical methods applied to detection, assessment and corrective action monitoring programs that can be applied to environmental sites.
Note 1: For example, in the United States, the 90 % upper confidence limit (UCL) of the mean is used in USEPA’s SW846 (Chapter 9) for determining if a waste is hazardous. If the UCL is less than the criterion for a particular hazardous waste code, then the waste is not a hazardous waste even if certain individual measurements exceed the criterion. Similarly, in the USEPA Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities Addendum to the Interim Final Guidance (1992) (2), confidence intervals for the mean and various upper percentiles of the distribution are advocated for assessment and corrective action. Interestingly, both the 1989 and 1992 USEPA guidance documents (2, 3) suggest use of the lower 95 % confidence limit (LCL) as a tool for determining whether a criterion has been exceeded in assessment monitoring.
The latest guidance in this area calls for use of the LCL in assessment monitoring and the UCL in corrective action. In this way, corrective action is only triggered if there is a high degree of confidence that the true concentration has exceeded the criterion or standard, whereas corrective action continues until there is a high degree of confidence that the true concentration is below the criterion or standard. This is the general approach adopted in this guide, as well.
5.3 There are several reasons why statistical methods are needed in assessment and corrective action monitoring pr...
SCOPE
1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present a variety of statistical approaches for assessment, compliance and corrective action environmental monitoring programs. Although the methods provided here are appropriate and often optimal for many environmental monitoring problems, they do not preclude use of other statistical approaches that may be equally or even more useful for certain site-specific applications.
1.2 In the following sections, the details of select statistical procedures used in assessment and corrective action programs for environmental monitoring (soil, groundwater, air, surface water, and waste streams) are presented.
1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also be appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for monitoring situations or media that are not presented in this document.
1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education, experience and professional judgements. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word Standard in the title of this document only means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7048 − 16
Standard Guide for
Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective
1
Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present a 2.1 ASTM Standards:
variety of statistical approaches for assessment, compliance D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
and corrective action environmental monitoring programs. Fluids
Although the methods provided here are appropriate and often D5092Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater
optimal for many environmental monitoring problems, they do Monitoring Wells
not preclude use of other statistical approaches that may be D5792Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-
equally or even more useful for certain site-specific applica- lated to Waste Management Activities: Development of
tions. Data Quality Objectives
D6250Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confi-
1.2 In the following sections, the details of select statistical
dence Limit for StatisticalTesting of Mean Concentration
procedures used in assessment and corrective action programs
in Waste Management Decisions
for environmental monitoring (soil, groundwater, air, surface
D6312Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-
water, and waste streams) are presented.
proaches for Groundwater Detection Monitoring Pro-
1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following
grams
sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also
be appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for moni-
3. Terminology
toring situations or media that are not presented in this
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common terms in this
document.
guid, see Terminology D653.
1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of informa-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
3.2.1 corrective action monitoring—under RCRA (in the
course of action. This document cannot replace education,
United States), corrective action monitoring is instituted when
experienceandprofessionaljudgements.Notallaspectsofthis
hazardous constituents from a RCRAregulated unit have been
practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM
detected at statistically significant concentrations between the
standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of
compliance point and the downgradient facility property
care by which the adequacy of a given professional service
boundary as specified under 40 CFR 264.100. Corrective
must be judged without consideration of a project’s many
action monitoring is conducted throughout a corrective action
uniqueaspects.ThewordStandardinthetitleofthisdocument
program that is implemented to address groundwater contami-
only means that the document has been approved through the
nation. At non-RCRA sites, corrective action monitoring is
ASTM consensus process.
conducted throughout the active period of corrective action to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
determine the progress of remediation and to identify statisti-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cally significant trends in groundwater contaminant concentra-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tions.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.2 false positive rate—the rate at which the statistical
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
procedure indicates contamination when contamination is not
present.
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7048–04(2010). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7048-16. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7048 − 16
3.2.3 lognorm
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7048 − 04 (Reapproved 2010) D7048 − 16
Standard Guide for
Applying Statistical Methods for Assessment and Corrective
1
Action Environmental Monitoring Programs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The scope and purpose of this guidance is to present a variety of statistical approaches for assessment, compliance and
corrective action environmental monitoring programs. Although the methods provided here are appropriate and often optimal for
many environmental monitoring problems, they do not preclude use of other statistical approaches that may be equally or even
more useful for certain site-specific applications.
1.2 In the following sections, completethe details of select statistical procedures used in assessment and corrective action
programs for environmental monitoring (soil, groundwater, air, surface water, and waste streams) are presented.
1.3 The statistical methodology described in the following sections should be used as guidance. Other methods may also be
appropriate based on site-specific conditions or for monitoring situations or media that are not presented in this document.
1.4 This practice offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education, experience and professional judgements. Not all aspects of this practice may
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the
adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word
Standard in the title of this document only means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
D5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data Quality
Objectives
D6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentration in Waste
Management Decisions
D6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Groundwater Detection Monitoring Programs
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common terms in this guid, see Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 assessment monitoring—investigative monitoring that is initiated after the presence of a contaminant has been detected
in groundwater above a relevant criterion at one or more locations. The objective of the program is to determine if there is a
statistical exceedance of a standard or criteria at a Potential Area of Concern (PAOC) or at the groundwater discharging to surface
water interface, and/or to quantify the rate and extent of migration of constituents detected in groundwater above applicable
criteria.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose
Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved July 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2016. Published September 2010October 2016. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
as D7048D7048–04(2010).–04. DOI: 10.1520/D7048-04R10.10.1520/D7048-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7048 − 16
3.1.2 compliance monitoring—as specified under 40 CFR 264.99, compliance monitoring is instituted wh
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