iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM G189-07

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Laboratory Simulation of Corrosion Under Insulation

Standard Guide for Laboratory Simulation of Corrosion Under Insulation

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the simulation of corrosion under insulation (CUI), including both general and localized attack, on insulated specimens cut from pipe sections exposed to a corrosive environment usually at elevated temperature. It describes a CUI exposure apparatus (hereinafter referred to as a CUI-Cell), preparation of specimens, simulation procedures for isothermal or cyclic temperature, or both, and wet/dry conditions, which are parameters that need to be monitored during the simulation and the classification of simulation type.
1.2 The application of this guide is broad and can incorporate a range of materials, environments and conditions that are beyond the scope of a single test method. The apparatus and procedures contained herein are principally directed at establishing acceptable procedures for CUI simulation for the purposes of evaluating the corrosivity of CUI environments on carbon and low alloy pipe steels, and may possibly be applicable to other materials as well. However, the same or similar procedures can also be utilized for the evaluation of (1) CUI on other metals or alloys, (2) anti-corrosive treatments on metal surfaces, and (3) the potential contribution of thermal insulation and its constituents on CUI. The only requirements are that they can be machined, formed or incorporated into the CUI-Cell pipe configuration as described herein.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Feb-2007
ICS
23.040.99 - Other pipeline components
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.11 - Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Buy Standard

ASTM G189-07 - Standard Guide for Laboratory Simulation of Corrosion Under InsulationASTM G189-07 - Standard Guide for Laboratory Simulation of Corrosion Under Insulation
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM G189-07 - Standard Guide for Laboratory Simulation of Corrosion Under Insulation
English language
11 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G189 − 07
StandardGuide for
Laboratory Simulation of Corrosion Under Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This guide covers the simulation of corrosion under
insulation (CUI), including both general and localized attack,
2. Referenced Documents
on insulated specimens cut from pipe sections exposed to a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
corrosive environment usually at elevated temperature. It
A106/A106MSpecification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe
describes a CUI exposure apparatus (hereinafter referred to as
for High-Temperature Service
a CUI-Cell), preparation of specimens, simulation procedures
C552Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
for isothermal or cyclic temperature, or both, and wet/dry
C871Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Thermal Insu-
conditions, which are parameters that need to be monitored
lationMaterialsforLeachableChloride,Fluoride,Silicate,
during the simulation and the classification of simulation type.
and Sodium Ions
1.2 The application of this guide is broad and can incorpo-
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
rate a range of materials, environments and conditions that are
G1Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
beyond the scope of a single test method. The apparatus and
sion Test Specimens
procedures contained herein are principally directed at estab-
G3Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical
lishing acceptable procedures for CUI simulation for the
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
purposes of evaluating the corrosivity of CUI environments on
G5Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and
carbon and low alloy pipe steels, and may possibly be
Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements
applicable to other materials as well. However, the same or
G15Terminology Relating to Corrosion and CorrosionTest-
similarprocedurescanalsobeutilizedfortheevaluationof (1)
ing (Withdrawn 2010)
CUI on other metals or alloys, (2) anti-corrosive treatments on
G31PracticeforLaboratoryImmersionCorrosionTestingof
metal surfaces, and (3) the potential contribution of thermal
Metals
insulation and its constituents on CUI. The only requirements
G46Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Cor-
are that they can be machined, formed or incorporated into the
rosion
CUI-Cell pipe configuration as described herein.
G59Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polariza-
tion Resistance Measurements
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
G102Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Re-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
lated Information from Electrochemical Measurements
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 The terminology used herein, if not specifically defined
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
otherwise, shall be construed to be in accordance with Termi-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nology G15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.11 on Electrochemical Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Measurements in Corrosion Testing. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2007. Published March 2007. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
G0189-07. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G189 − 07
NOTE 1—The actual CUI corrosion rates can be in excess of the those obtain in conventional laboratory immersion exposures.
FIG. 1 Comparison of Actual Plant CUI Corrosion Rates Measurements (Open Data Points Shown is for Plant CUI) with Laboratory Cor-
rosion Data Obtained in Open and Closed Systems
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: or cyclic temperature and under wet or wet/dry conditions
3.2.1 corrosion under insulation (CUI)—the corrosion of simulating desired conditions in service. Comparison of the
steel or other materials under thermal insulation due to the measured corrosion rates from exposures conducted with
presence of water, oxygen and/or other corrodants. various surface treatments on steel and/or with various insula-
tive materials with corrosion rates obtained with bare steel
3.2.2 control condition—an exposure condition using a
underthecontrolconditionprovidesthebasisforassessmentof
pre-selected environment without the inclusion of inhibitors,
protection efficiency. A value of protection efficiency of less
protective treatments, or additives to the thermal insulation or
than1.0indicatesreductionintheseverityofcorrosionrelative
exposureenvironment.Itisselectedtoprovidebaselinedatato
to the control condition whereas a value greater than 1.0
which data from other exposure conditions can be compared.
indicates an increase in the severity of corrosion relative to the
3.2.3 protection ratio—ratio of the corrosion rate with the
control condition.
surfacetreatmentorparticularinsulativematerial,orboth,with
that obtained for the control condition.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The corrosion observed on steel and other materials
4. Summary of Guide
underthermalinsulationisofgreatconcernformanyindustries
4.1 The CUI-Cell consists of three to six ring specimens
including chemical processing, petroleum refining and electric
separated by non-conductive spacers and held together by two
power generation. In most cases, insulation is utilized on
blind flanged pipe sections, one on each end. Thermal insula-
piping and vessels to maintain the temperatures of the operat-
tion is placed around one-half of the evaluation section of the
ing systems for process stabilization and energy conservation.
cellandsealedprovidinganannularspacetoretainacorrosive
However,thesesituationscanalsoprovidetheprerequisitesfor
environment. The other half of the insulation is put in place to
theoccurrenceofgeneralorlocalizedcorrosion,orboth,andin
have proper heat transfer conditions as a typical insulated pipe
stainless steels, stress corrosion cracking. For example, com-
sectionwithinternalheating.Provisionsaregivenhereintouse
bined with elevated temperatures, CUI can sometimes result in
the specimens as corrosion coupons or electrodes in two
aqueous corrosion rates for steel that are greater than those
separateelectrochemicalcells.OnehalfoftheCUI-Cellcanbe
foundinconventionalimmersiontestsconductedineitheropen
used to perform a CUI simulation under the control condition
or closed systems (see Fig. 1). This figure shows actual CUI
while the other can be used to evaluate inhibitors, protective
data determined in the field compared with the corrosion data
coatings or insulative materials.
from fully immersed corrosion coupons tests.
4.2 Corrosion measurements can be made using either mass
loss data (Procedure A) or electrochemical dynamic polariza-
Ashbaugh, W. G., “Corrosion of Metals Under Insulation,” Process Industries
tion resistance methods (Procedure B), or both. This apparatus
Corrosion, Ed. B. J. Moniz andW. I. Pollock,ASTM STP880,West Conshohoken,
canbeusedtoconductlaboratoryevaluationsunderisothermal PA, 1986.
G189 − 07
5.2 This guide provides a technical basis for laboratory 6. Apparatus
simulation of many of the manifestations of CUI. This is an
6.1 TheCUI-Cell cansimulatetheseverityandmodalityof
area where there has been a need for better simulation
corrosion that has been described to occur under thermal
techniques, but until recently, has eluded many investigators.
4,6
insulation. Initiallythiscellwasdevelopedfortheevaluation
Much of the available experimental data is based on field and
of various surface treatments to be applied on the external
inplantmeasurementsofremainingwallthickness.Laboratory
surface of pipe to remediate CUI problems. However,
studies have generally been limited to simple immersion tests
subsequently, this same apparatus has been used successfully
for the corrosivity of leachants from thermal insulation on
to evaluate the influence of various types of thermal insulation
corrosion coupons using techniques similar to those given in
on CUI. In the cell, corrosion is intended to occur on the outer
Practice G31. The field and inplant tests give an indication of
surface of ring specimens machined from a selected material.
corrosion after the fact and can not be easily utilized for
Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of the CUI-Cell. The
experimental purposes. The use of coupons in laboratory
components of the cell include the following:
immersion tests can give a general indication of corrosion
6.1.1 Blind Flange Sections—TheCUI-Cellconsistsoftwo,
tendencies. However, in some cases, these procedures are
nominal two-inch diameter pipe sections [that is, two-inch
useful in ranking insulative materials in terms of their tenden-
cies to leach corrosive species. However, this immersion nominal diameter pipe material with a thickness of 0.187 in.
techniquedoesnotalwayspresentanaccuraterepresentationof (4.75 mm) as shown in Specification A106/A106M, Grade B,
the actual CUI tendencies experienced in the service due to or alternative material to match that being evaluated by this
differences in exposure geometry, temperature, cyclic simulation]; one for each end of the cell. Each end includes a
temperatures, or wet/dry conditions in the plant and field
bolted flange pair consisting of a weldneck, threaded or lap
environments. joint flange and a blind flange and attached pipe section. Pipe
clampsorothersuitabledevicescanbeusedtoholdtheflanged
5.3 One of the special aspects of the apparatus and meth-
endsandtheringspecimenstogether.Anydeviceisacceptable
odologies contained herein are their capabilities to accommo-
that provide adequate sealing force between the various sec-
dateseveralaspectscriticaltosuccessfulsimulationoftheCUI
tions of the CUI-Cell.
exposure condition. These are: (1) an idealized annular geom-
etry between piping and surrounding thermal insulation, (2) 6.1.2 Ring Specimens—The CUI-Cell consists of six ring
internal heating to produce a hot-wall surface on which CUI specimens that are separated by nonporous, nonconductive
can be quantified, (3) introduction of ionic solutions into the spacers (see Section 7 for more detailed information). The
annular cavity between the piping and thermal insulation, (4) evaluation portion, which includes alternate ring specimens of
control of the temperature to produce either isothermal or
theintendedmaterialandnonconductiverings,isheldtogether
cyclictemperatureconditions,and (5)controlofthedeliveryof by two blind flanged pipe sections on both ends. The two sets
the control or solution to produce wet or wet-dry conditions.
of three ring specimens and spacers should be separated by an
Other simpler methods can be used to run corrosion evalua-
extra thick, nonconductive ring spacer (dam) at the center of
tions on specimens immersed in various solutions and
the CUI-cell.This allows for separate corrosion measurements
leachants from thermal insulation. In some cases, these proce-
to be made on each set of specimens. For electrochemical
dures may be acceptable for evaluation of the contribution of
measurements, each ring specimen should contain an attach-
various factors on corrosion. However, they do not provide
mentscrewforconnectionofelectricalleadstothepotentiostat
accommodation of the above mentioned factors that may be
(Fig. 2). The connections should be made outside of the area
needed for CUI simulation.
exposed to the corrosive environment. The nonconductive
spacers should be made from a machinable, temperature
5.4 With the CUI-Cell, the pipe material, insulation and
resistant, non-conductive material. Machinable polytetrafluo-
environmentcanbeselectedforthedesiredsimulationneeded.
roethylene (PTFE) resins with high melting points are suitable
Therefore, no single standard exposure condition can be
in most cases for use up to about 400 to 450°F (200 to 230°C).
defined. The guide is designed to assist in the laboratory
simulation of (1) the influence of different insulation materials
onCUIthat,insomecases,maycontainmaterialsoradditives,
or both, that can accelerate corrosion, (2) the effect of applied 5
Abayarathna, D.,Ashbaugh, W. G., Kane, R. D., McGowan, N., and Heimann,
or otherwise incorporated inhibitors or protective coatings on
B., “Measurement of Corrosion Under Insulation and Effectiveness of Protective
Coatings,” Corrosion/97, Paper No. 266, NACE International, Houston, Texas,
reducing the extent and severity of CUI. This guide provides
March 1997.
information on CUI in a relatively short time (approximately
Ullrich, O.A., MTI Technical Report No. 7, “Investigation of anApproach for
72 h) as well as providing a means of assessing variation of
Detection of Corrosion Under Insulation,” MTI Project 12, Phase II, Materials
corrosion rate with time and environmental conditions. Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industries, March 1982.
G189 − 07
NOTE1—TheelectricalconnectionstothespecimensandcontactofthethermocouplemustbemadeoutsideofthewettedportionoftheCUI-Cell(see
Figs. 3 and 4 for more details).
FIG. 2 Schematic of CUI-Cell
6.1.3 Internal Heater and Temperature Controller—The selected based on those materials used in the particular
temperature on the outer surface of the ring specimens is condition(s) of interest. The control condition should use a
achieved via an immersion heater (nominally 0.625 in. (1.6 water resistant molded foam glass thermal insulation in accor-
cm) in diameter) having 400 W located on the inside of the dance with Specification C552 with low concentration of
pipe section mounted through the center of one of the blind chlorides (<40 ppm) and other leachable compounds. For the
flanges using an NPT connection. The temperature of the simulations involving specific surface treatments, solutions or
evaluation section of the
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM G189-07(2021)e1(Guide)
Standard Guide for Laboratory Simulation of Corrosion Under Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The corrosion observed on steel and other materials under thermal insulation is of great concern for many industries including chemical processing, petroleum refining and electric power generation. In most cases, insulation is utilized on piping and vessels to maintain the temperatures of the operating systems for process stabilization and energy conservation. However, these situations can also provide the prerequisites for the occurrence of general or localized corrosion, or both, and in stainless steels, stress corrosion cracking. For example, combined with elevated temperatures, CUI can sometimes result in aqueous corrosion rates for steel that are greater than those found in conventional immersion tests conducted in either open or closed systems (see Fig. 1).3 This figure shows actual CUI data determined in the field compared with the corrosion data from fully immersed corrosion coupons tests.
FIG. 1 Comparison of Actual Plant CUI Corrosion Rates Measurements (Open Data Points Shown is for Plant CUI) with Laboratory Corrosion Data Obtained in Open and Closed Systems  
Note 1: The actual CUI corrosion rates can be in excess of the those obtain in conventional laboratory immersion exposures.  
5.2 This guide provides a technical basis for laboratory simulation of many of the manifestations of CUI. This is an area where there has been a need for better simulation techniques, but until recently, has eluded many investigators. Much of the available experimental data is based on field and in-plant measurements of remaining wall thickness. Laboratory studies have generally been limited to simple immersion tests for the corrosivity of leachants from thermal insulation on corrosion coupons using techniques similar to those given in Guide G31. The field and inplant tests give an indication of corrosion after the fact and can not be easily utilized for experimental purposes. The use of coupons in laboratory immersion tests can give a general indication of corrosio...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the simulation of corrosion under insulation (CUI), including both general and localized attack, on insulated specimens cut from pipe sections exposed to a corrosive environment usually at elevated temperature. It describes a CUI exposure apparatus (hereinafter referred to as a CUI-Cell), preparation of specimens, simulation procedures for isothermal or cyclic temperature, or both, and wet/dry conditions, which are parameters that need to be monitored during the simulation and the classification of simulation type.  
1.2 The application of this guide is broad and can incorporate a range of materials, environments and conditions that are beyond the scope of a single test method. The apparatus and procedures contained herein are principally directed at establishing acceptable procedures for CUI simulation for the purposes of evaluating the corrosivity of CUI environments on carbon and low alloy pipe steels, and may possibly be applicable to other materials as well. However, the same or similar procedures can also be utilized for the evaluation of (1) CUI on other metals or alloys, (2) anti-corrosive treatments on metal surfaces, and (3) the potential contribution of thermal insulation and its constituents on CUI. The only requirements are that they can be machined, formed or incorporated into the CUI-Cell pipe configuration as described herein.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was ...

  • Guide
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G218-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for External Corrosion Protection of Ductile Iron Pipe Utilizing Polyethylene Encasement Supplemented by Cathodic Protection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides basic information on the application of cathodic protection to polyethylene encased ductile iron pipe for engineers, owners, water companies, corrosion consultants, ductile iron (DI) pipe manufacturers and others who have an interest in providing underground corrosion protection to ductile iron pipe.  
4.2 There are many publications, standards, recommended practices, and specifications for the application of coatings and cathodic protection to steel pipe. However, the metallurgy, chemistry, physical properties, surface composition and texture, coating requirements and electrical continuity of standard production ductile iron pipe are significantly different than those of steel pipe, and coating and cathodic protection specifications written specifically for steel pipe may not be directly applicable to ductile iron pipe. The latest revision of a commonly accepted cathodic protection specification (NACE SP0169) states the following in the forward: “This standard does not include corrosion control methods based on injection of chemicals into the environment, on the use of electrically conductive coatings, or on the use of non-adhered polyethylene encasement (refer to NACE Publication 10A292).” It is the purpose of this guide to summarize publications, case histories, and studies which are available regarding cathodic protection installations of polyethylene encased ductile iron pipe to give the reader guidance on this unique method of protection.  
4.3 This guide may be utilized with galvanic or impressed current cathodic protection.  
4.4 This guide is written specifically for ductile iron pipe and does not apply to any other type of piping material. It may also be used for ductile iron fittings, valves, and appurtenances specific to ductile iron piping systems.  
4.5 This guide references requirements for vendor provided information which should be requested and reviewed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide will discuss standard practices which have been successfully utilized in the field for over 35 years to provide external corrosion protection of polyethylene encased ductile iron pipe supplemented with cathodic protection (CP). This guide may also be used for ductile iron fittings, valves, and other appurtenances specific to ductile iron pipe systems. Case histories and publications reporting on the use of cathodic protection to supplement polyethylene encasement are included as an Appendix in this guide.  
1.2 Other external corrosion control methods which have been used for ductile iron pipe include, but are not limited to: cathodic protection, metallic zinc coatings, bonded dielectric coatings, dielectric coatings with cathodic protection, and trench improvement. Detailed information on these methods of protection are available from other sources and are beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F2831-19(2024)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Internal Non Structural Epoxy Barrier Coating Material Used In Rehabilitation of Metallic Pressurized Piping Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers, regulatory agencies, owners, contractors, and inspection organizations who are involved in rehabilitation of pressurized piping systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is intended to establish the minimum criteria necessary for use of a mechanically mixed, blended, epoxy barrier coating (AWWA Class I) that is applied to the interior of 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) to 36 in. (914.4 mm) metallic pipe or tube used in pressurized piping systems for corrosion protection and to improve flow rates. There is no restriction as to the developed length of the piping system other than the method of application (“blow through”, spin cast or hand sprayed) and the characteristics of the epoxy coating being applied but the manufacturer’s engineer shall be consulted for any limitations associated with this product, process and its application for the end user.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G8-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Cathodic Disbonding of Coated Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Breaks or holidays in a coating applied over steel exposes the substrate to a potential corrosion cell. When the steel is subjected to cathodic protection by the polarization of the steel via sacrificial anodes or impressed current, the exposed steel at the holiday becomes the cathode in the corrosion cell. When the electrolyte is neutral or slightly alkaline, hydroxyl ions form from the reduction of oxygen and, when paired with a suitable cation from the electrolyte, form an alkaline solution. Depending on the strength of this alkaline solution and the concentration of the alkaline compound, this alkalinity may disrupt the adhesion between the coating and the steel, disbonding the coating from the steel.  
4.2 Current density of the cathodic cell also can affect the degree of cathodic disbondment. The greater the current density generated by the concentration of electrons at the anode, the greater the number of hydroxyl ions formed, thus increasing the alkalinity available for disrupting the adhesion between the coating and the steel substrate. Likewise, the concentration of oxygen in the electrolyte will affect the concentration of hydroxyl ions formed at the cathode.  
4.3 For these reasons it is often useful to measure pH, oxygen, and current density when conducting a cathodic disbondment test.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods apply to procedures for determining the degree of disbondment of a coating from a steel substrate when placed in contact with an electrolyte and a potential is applied to the steel. Specimens may include coated steel pipe or coated flat or curved steel plate. The coating applied to the steel substrate shall be non-metallic and shall not show flow characteristics at the test temperature.  
1.2 These test methods apply to specimens that are immersed in an electrolyte bath or specimens with an attached electrolyte cell at ambient room temperature, 21 °C to 25 °C (70 °F to 77 °F), conditions. If higher temperatures are required, use Test Method G42.  
1.3 These test methods apply to methods of polarization including sacrificial anodes or impressed current applied to the steel by a rectifier.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2775-16(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground Steel Pipework Using Piezoelectric Effect Transduction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for using GWT to locate areas in metal pipes in which wall loss has occurred due to corrosion or erosion.  
5.2 GWT does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness, but is sensitive to a combination of the CSC and circumferential extent and axial extent of any metal loss. Based on this information, a classification of the severity can be assigned.  
5.3 The GWT method provides a screening tool to quickly identify any discontinuity along the pipe. Where a possible defect is found, follow-up inspection of suspected areas with ultrasonic testing or other NDT methods is normally required to obtain detailed thickness information, nature, and extent of damage.  
5.4 GWT also provides some information on the axial length of a discontinuity, provided that the axial length is longer than roughly a quarter of the wavelength of the excitation signal.  
5.5 The identification and severity assessment of any possible defects is qualitative only. An interpretation process to differentiate between relevant and non-relevant signals is necessary.  
5.6 This practice only covers the application specified in the scope. The GWT method has the capability and can be used for applications where the pipe is insulated, buried, in road crossings, and where access is limited.  
5.7 GWT shall be performed by qualified and certified personnel, as specified in the contract or purchase order. Qualifications shall include training specific to the use of the equipment employed, interpretation of the test results and guided wave technology.  
5.8 A documented program that includes training, examination and experience for the GWT personnel certification shall be maintained by the supplying party.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a procedure for the use of guided wave testing (GWT), also previously known as long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) or guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT).  
1.2 GWT utilizes ultrasonic guided waves, sent in the axial direction of the pipe, to non-destructively test pipes for defects or other features by detecting changes in the cross-section or stiffness of the pipe, or both.  
1.3 GWT is a screening tool. The method does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness or the exact dimensions of defects/defected area; an estimate of the defect severity however can be provided.  
1.4 This practice is intended for use with tubular carbon steel or low-alloy steel products having Nominal Pipe size (NPS) 2 to 48 corresponding to 60.3 mm to 1219.2 mm (2.375 in. to 48 in.) outer diameter, and wall thickness between 3.81 mm and 25.4 mm (0.15 in. and 1 in.).  
1.5 This practice covers GWT using piezoelectric transduction technology.  
1.6 This practice only applies to GWT of basic pipe configuration. This includes pipes that are straight, constructed of a single pipe size and schedules, fully accessible at the test location, jointed by girth welds, supported by simple contact supports and free of internal, or external coatings, or both; the pipe may be insulated or painted.  
1.7 This practice provides a general procedure for performing the examination and identifying various aspects of particular importance to ensure valid results, but actual interpretation of the data is excluded.  
1.8 This practice does not establish an acceptance criterion. Specific acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual agreement by the responsible system user or engineering entity.  
1.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and de...

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G62-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Holiday Detection of Coatings used to Protect Pipelines

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Method A—Low voltage holiday detection is used to locate holidays and pinholes in thin-film coatings (up to 0.508 mm (20 mils) using a sponge wetted with tap water (and a wetting agent for coatings thicker than 10 mils). The water carries the current from the electrode through the holiday to the conductive substrate. The detector is grounded to the coated substrate. When the detector senses this flow of current it alarms.  
5.2 Method B—High voltage holiday detection is used to locate holidays and pinholes in thick-film coatings (greater than 20 mils), but can be used on coatings as low as 10 mils thick. A test voltage is selected and set. A charged Electrode is placed in contact with the coating, and the Detector is grounded to the coated substrate. When Electrical Breakdown occurs, electric current flows between the Detector’s electrode and the conductive substrate and emits an audible alarm.  
5.3 This standard does not apply to holiday detection of tape wraps used to protect pipe or coatings containing conductive raw materials such as conductive pigments and extenders.  
5.4 The thickness of a coating applied to ductile iron pipe, fittings, or other iron castings may vary substantially due to the inherent roughness of the substrate. For these applications, consult the coating manufacturer for their recommended test voltage setting when using Method B. The coating manufacturer’s recommended test voltage setting may be subject to approval by the owner.
Note 1: Use of voltage settings lower than those listed in this standard may increase the likelihood of non-detection.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus and procedures for detecting pinholes and holidays in coatings used to protect pipelines.  
1.2 Method A is designed to detect pinholes and holidays in thin-film coatings from 0.025 mm to 0.254 mm (1 mils to 10 mils) in thickness using ordinary tap water and an applied voltage of less than 100 V d-c. It is effective on films up to 0.508 mm (20 mils) thickness if a wetting agent is used with the water.  
1.3 Method B is designed to detect pinholes and holidays in thick-film coatings >0.508 mm (20 mils) This method can be used on any thickness of pipeline coating and utilizes applied voltages between 3.4 and 35 kV d-c.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units to three significant decimals are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM A1047/A1047M-05(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pneumatic Leak Testing of Tubing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When permitted by a specification or the order, this test method may be used for detecting leaks in tubing in lieu of the air underwater pressure test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for the leak testing of tubing using pneumatic pressure. This test method involves measuring the change in pressure inside the tubing over time. There are three procedures that may be used, all of which are intended to be equivalent. It is a qualitative not a quantitative test method. Any of the three procedures are intended to be capable of leak detection and, as such, are intended to be equivalent for that purpose.  
1.2 The procedures will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This test may be performed in accordance with the Pressure Differential (Procedure A), the Pressure Decay (Procedure B), or the Vacuum Decay (Procedure C) method.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F1282-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Polyethylene/Aluminum/Polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) Composite Pressure Pipe

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a coextruded polyethylene composite pressure pipe with a welded aluminum tube reinforcement between the inner and outer layers. The inner and outer polyethylene layers are bonded to the aluminum tube by a melt adhesive. Included is a system of nomenclature for the polyethylene-aluminum-polyethylene (PE-AL-PE) pipes, the requirements and test methods for materials, the dimensions and strengths of the component tubes and finished pipe, adhesion tests, and the burst and sustained pressure performance. Also given are the requirements and methods of marking. The pipe covered by this specification is intended for use in potable water distribution systems for residential and commercial applications, water service, underground irrigation systems, and radient panel heating systems, baseboard, snow- and ice-melt systems, and gases that are compatible with composite pipe and fittings.  
1.2 This specification relates only to composite pipes incorporating a welded aluminum tube having both internal and external polyethylene layers. The welded aluminium tube is capable of sustaining internal pressures. Pipes consisting of metallic layers not welded together and plastic layers other than polyethylene are outside the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Specifications for connectors for use with pipe meeting the requirements of this specification are given in Annex A1.  
1.4 This specification excludes crosslinked polyethylene-aluminum-crosslinked polyethylene pipes (see Specification F1281).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7800/D7800M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Elemental Sulfur in Natural Gas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Elemental sulfur impacts the quality of pipeline natural gas and deposits on pipeline flanges, fittings and valves, thereby impacting their performance. Natural gas suppliers and distributers require a standardized test method for measuring elemental sulfur. Some government regulators are also interested in measuring elemental sulfur since it would provide a means for assessing the contribution of elemental sulfur in pipelines to the SOx emission inventory from burning of gaseous fuels. Use of this method in concert with sulfur gas laboratory test methods such as Test Methods D4084, D4468, D5504, and D6228 or on-line methods such as D7165 or D7166 can provide users with a comprehensive sulfur compound profile for natural gas or other gaseous fuels. Other applications may include elemental sulfur in particulate deposits such as diesel exhausts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is primarily for the determination of elemental sulfur in natural gas pipelines, but it may be applied to other gaseous fuel pipelines and applications provided the user has validated its suitability for use. The detection range for elemental sulfur, reported as sulfur, is 0.0018 mg/L to 30 mg/L. The results may also be reported in units of mg/kg or ppm.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2929-18(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of Above Ground Steel Piping with Magnetostrictive Transduction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for using GWT to locate areas in metal pipes in which wall loss has occurred due to corrosion or erosion.  
5.2 GWT does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness, but is sensitive to a combination of the CSC (or reflection coefficient) and circumferential extent and axial extent of any metal loss. Based on this information, a classification of the severity can be assigned.  
5.3 The GWT method provides a screening tool to quickly identify any discontinuity along the pipe. Where a possible defect is found, a follow-up inspection of suspected areas with ultrasonic testing or other NDT methods is normally required to obtain detailed thickness information, nature, and extent of damage.  
5.4 GWT also provides some information on the axial length of a discontinuity, provided that the axial length is longer than roughly a quarter of the wavelength.  
5.5 The identification and severity assessment of any possible defects is qualitative only. An interpretation process to differentiate between relevant and non-relevant signals is necessary.  
5.6 This practice only covers the application specified in the scope. The GWT method has the capability and can be used for applications where the pipe is insulated, buried, in road crossings, and where access is limited.  
5.7 GWT shall be performed by qualified and certified personnel, as specified in the contract or purchase order. Qualifications shall include training specific to the use of the equipment employed, interpretation of the test results, and guided wave technology.  
5.8 A documented program which includes training, examination, and experience for the GWT personnel certification shall be maintained by the supplying party.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide for the use of waves generated using magnetostrictive transduction for guided wave testing (GWT) welded tubulars. Magnetostrictive materials transduce or convert time varying magnetic fields into mechanical energy. As a magnetostrictive material is magnetized, it strains. Conversely, if an external force produces a strain in a magnetostrictive material, the material’s magnetic state will change. This bi-directional coupling between the magnetic and mechanical states of a magnetostrictive material provides a transduction capability that can be used for both actuation and sensing devices.  
1.2 GWT utilizes ultrasonic guided waves in the 10 to approximately 250 kHz range, sent in the axial direction of the pipe, to non-destructively test pipes for discontinuities or other features by detecting changes in the cross-section or stiffness of the pipe, or both.  
1.3 GWT is a screening tool. The method does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness or the exact dimensions of discontinuities. However, an estimate of the severity of the discontinuity can be obtained.  
1.4 This practice is intended for use with tubular carbon steel products having nominal pipe size (NPS) 2 to 48 corresponding to 60.3 to 1219.2 mm (2.375 to 48 in.) outer diameter, and wall thickness between 3.81 and 25.4 mm (0.15 and 1 in.).  
1.5 This practice only applies to GWT of basic pipe configuration. This includes pipes that are straight, constructed of a single pipe size and schedules, fully accessible at the test location, jointed by girth welds, supported by simple contact supports and free of internal, or external coatings, or both; the pipe may be insulated or painted.  
1.6 This practice provides a general practice for performing the examination. The interpretation of the guided wave data obtained is complex and training is required to properly perform data interpretation.  
1.7 This practice does not establish an acceptance criterion. Specific acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual agreement by the cognizant engineer.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given...

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off