ASTM D4292-92(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Vibrated Bulk Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke
Standard Test Method for Determination of Vibrated Bulk Density of Calcined Petroleum Coke
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Vibrated bulk density, VBD, is an indicator of calcined petroleum coke porosity, which affects its suitability for use in pitch-bonded carbon applications. (Warning—Vibrated bulk density for a sample of calcined petroleum coke is strongly dependent upon average particle size and particle size range. Bulk density tends to increase with decreasing coke size. A narrow particle size range for this test minimizes the possibility for variation due to skewing of the test sample toward either screen defining the sample. Particle size range tested should be agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.)
Note 1—An example of the use of VBD to characterize coke for prebaked anodes for aluminum smelting is reported by Belitskus3 who found particles passing through a 0.59-mm opening, No. 30, sieve and retained on a 0.30-mm opening, No. 50, sieve to be preferred. Other popular ranges are particles passing through a 2.36-mm opening, No. 8, sieve and retained on a 1.17-mm opening, No. 16, sieve for the continuous Soderberg anode process and particles passing through a 6.68-mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 3-mesh Tyler Standard Series) and retained on a 3.33-mm opening, No. 6, sieve for graphite electrode manufacture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density of a representative 2-kg sample of calcined petroleum coke, after vibration to increase compaction.
1.2 The procedure is limited to particles passing through a 6.68-mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 3-mesh Tyler Standard Series) and retained on a 0.21-mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 65-mesh Tyler Standard Series). Further, the procedure is limited to a specific test sample having particles retained between screens having openings that differ by a factor of less than 2Equation 1 - 2 and preferably less than 2.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D4292–92 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Vibrated Bulk Density of Calcined
Petroleum Coke
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 as-calcined particles, n—of coke, those that have not
been subject to laboratory crushing.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk
3.1.2 bulk density, n—of coke, the ratio of the mass of a
density of a representative 2-kg sample of calcined petroleum
collection of particles of a specified size range to the volume
coke, after vibration to increase compaction.
occupied.
1.2 The procedure is limited to particles passing through a
3.1.3 laboratory crushed particles, n—of coke, those that
6.68-mmopeningsieve(equivalenttoa3-meshTylerStandard
have been crushed in the laboratory.
Series)andretainedona0.21-mmopeningsieve(equivalentto
a 65-mesh Tyler Standard Series). Further, the procedure is
4. Summary of Test Method
limited to a specific test sample having particles retained
4.1 After appropriate crushing of the calcined coke, using
between screens having openings that differ by a factor of less
both the jaw crusher and roll crusher, the test volume of 100 g
than 2 2 and preferably less than 2.
=
is measured after vibration and the bulk density is calculated.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be
regarded as the standard.
5. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Vibrated bulk density, VBD, is an indicator of calcined
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
petroleum coke porosity, which affects its suitability for use in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
pitch-bonded carbon applications. (Warning—Vibrated bulk
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
density for a sample of calcined petroleum coke is strongly
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
dependent upon average particle size and particle size range.
Bulk density tends to increase with decreasing coke size. A
2. Referenced Documents
narrowparticlesizerangeforthistestminimizesthepossibility
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for variation due to skewing of the test sample toward either
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
screendefiningthesample.Particlesizerangetestedshouldbe
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.)
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
D2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample
NOTE 1—An example of the use of VBD to characterize coke for
of Coal prebaked anodes for aluminum smelting is reported by Belitskus who
found particles passing through a 0.59-mm opening, No. 30, sieve and
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
retained on a 0.30-mm opening, No. 50, sieve to be preferred. Other
Petroleum Products
popular ranges are particles passing through a 2.36-mm opening, No. 8,
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
sieveandretainedona1.17-mmopening,No.16,sieveforthecontinuous
Sieves
Soderberg anode process and particles passing through a 6.68-mm
opening sieve (equivalent to a 3-meshTyler Standard Series) and retained
3. Terminology
on a 3.33-mm opening, No. 6, sieve for graphite electrode manufacture.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
6. Apparatus
6.1 Jaw Crusher, laboratory type; jaw opening, approxi-
mately50by200mm;jawscanbesettogapsofapproximately
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.2 to 12.7 mm; manganese steel jaw plates.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
6.2 Roll Crusher, laboratory type; glass hardened rolls; roll
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
diameter, approximately 200 mm; roll width, approximately
´1
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4292–92 (2002) .
150 mm; gap range from 0 to 12.7 mm.
DOI: 10.1520/D4292-92R07.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Belitskus, D. L., “Evaluating Calcined Coke for Aluminum Smelting by Bulk
the ASTM website. Density,” Aluminium, Vol 51, No. 2, 1975.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4292–92 (2007)
6.3 Sieve Shaker, electrical drive with an automatic timer; 8.3 Roll Crusher Operation—(Warning—Toavoiddamage
should have a rotating and tapping action. totherolls,sizereductionwiththerollcrushermustbelimited
6.4 Sieves—meeting Specification E11. to a maximum ratio of 4 to 1. Depending on the fraction
6.5 Pan Balance, accurate to 0.1 g, capacity 2.0 kg. desired, a one-step reduction is often not possible from the
6.6 Vibrator , with approximately 175- by 250-mm deck, maximum particle size in the jaw crusher product and inter-
must be capable of vibrating at a frequency of 60 Hz and an mediate roll settings are used. The sample is reduced to the
amplitude of 0.20 to 0.22 mm (peak) when loaded with a 50-g desiredmeshsizeusingasfewintermediatesettingsaspossible
cork ring, 215-g graduated cylinder, and a 100-g coke sample. (but not exceeding the 4 to 1 reduction ratio).
6.7 Ohmmeter, adequate to test continuity of an electrical 8.3.1 With the motor deactivated, and using a method
circuit. appropriate to the roll crusher being used, adjust the roll gap
6.8 Cork Ring, approximately 100-mm inside diameter by according to the following procedure. If the rolls are readily
25 mm high by 12 mm thick, weight approximately 50 g accessible, adjustment with a leaf-type feeler gage inserted
(round-bottom flask support). between the rolls with the motor deactivated is useful.
6.9 Graduated Cylinder, glass, 250 mL, inside diameter 8.3.2 Calculatetheratioofthemaximumparticlesizeofthe
approximately 37 mm, base diameter approximately 95 mm. roll crusher feed (expressed as the opening, in millimetres, of
6.10 Plastic Funnel, must have a stem with straight sides
the finest screen through which the largest particles will pass)
and an outside diameter of 25 to 30 mm (powder funnel). to the maximum particle size of the bulk density fraction
6.11 Automatic Timer, Clock, or Watch, with a second
required (expressed as the opening, in millimetres, of the
indicator. coarser of the two screens used to define the bulk density
6.12 Riffle Sampler, enclosed drawer, approximately 380 by
fraction).
290 by 360 mm, 24-slot. 8.3.3 Select the number of crushing steps required from the
following table:
7. Precautions
Number of Crushing
Ratio Steps Required
7.1 Exercisecareintheoperationofthejawcrusherandroll
1.1to4.0 1
crusher. Turn power off at the source when setting the gap.
4.1 to 16.0 2
16.1 to 64.0 3
Wear safety glasses and keep hands clear when feeding
material. Turn power off at the source when equipment is
8.3.4 For each crushing step required, the roll gap is
opened for cleaning after the grinding operation.
decreased (from a value equivalent to the maximum particle
size of the feed) by a factor of:
8. Sample Preparation
n
Ratio ~asdefinedin8.3.2! (1)
=
8.1 Use the crushing procedure in 8.2 and subsequent
paragraphssothatcontributionstoVBDfromboth as-calcined
where:
and laboratory-crushed particles (which differ significantly in n = number of crushing steps required (8.3.3)
density) are included. 8.3.5 For example, it is desired to reduce a coke having a
maximum particle size of 6.68 mm to one having a maximum
NOTE 2—Because the vibrated bulk density method is based on the
particle size of 0.208 mm. The calculation is as follows:
packing of sized particles, the method of sample preparation can affect
Ratio = 32.115 (see 8.3.2)
results due to differences in particle shapes affecting packing characteris-
tics.
Crushing steps required=3 (see 8.3.3)
Factor= 32.115 =3.179 (see 8.3.4)
8.1.1 Air-dry the laboratory sample, if it appears to be wet, =
1st setting: 6.68 mm 4 3.179=2.101 mm
prior to crushing to avoid caking.
2nd setting: 2.101 mm 4 3.179=0.661 mm
NOTE 3—On agreement by purchaser and supplier, density of only
3rd setting: 0.661 mm 4 3.179=0.208 mm
as-calcined particles in the selected size range are determined. If so,
8.3.6 After the roll gap is adjusted, remove the feeler gage
proceedtoSection11andreportaspartoftheresultthatonly as-calcined
(if used), turn on the roll crusher motor, slowly feed 0.3 kg of
particles were used.
NOTE 4—Recommended practice for collecting samples and the equip-
thejawcrusherproductthroughtherollcrusher,andcollectthe
ment and procedures for dividing are described in Test Methods D346,
sample. When more than one roll crushing step is required,
D2013, D2234/D2234M, and D4057.
regrindthroughsmalleropeningsandcollectthesample.Then,
8.2 Jaw Crusher Operation—Usetheprocedureappropriate using the appropriate screens (those defining the bulk density
to the crusher being used, adjust the jaws so that the gap fraction), sample receiver, and cover, sieve the roll-crushed
between them (at their closest position to each other in the sample in the sieve shaker. With this final roll crusher setting,
at least 30% of the coke generally will be in the desired
crushing cycle) is approximately 5 mm. Turn on the jaw
crushermotor,slowlyfeedthesamplethroughthecrusher,and particle size range.
collect the product for further reduction through a roll crusher.
8.3.7 This setting will produce roughly equal weights of
coke coarser and finer than the desired fraction, provided that
the starting material is sufficiently coarse. If yield is at least
30% and the ratio of coarser to finer
...
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