ASTM C1322-15
(Practice)Standard Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
Standard Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for monolithic and some composite ceramics, for example, particulate- and whisker-reinforced and continuous-grain-boundary phase ceramics. (Long- or continuous-fiber reinforced ceramics are excluded.) For some materials, the location and identification of fracture origins may not be possible due to the specific microstructure.
5.2 This practice is principally oriented towards characterization of fracture origins in specimens loaded in so-called fast fracture testing, but the approach can be extended to include other modes of loading as well.
5.3 The procedures described within are primarily applicable to mechanical test specimens, although the same procedures may be relevant to component fracture analyses as well. It is customary practice to test a number of specimens (constituting a sample) to permit statistical analysis of the variability of the material’s strength. It is usually not difficult to test the specimens in a manner that will facilitate subsequent fractographic analysis. This may not be the case with component fracture analyses. Component fracture analysis is sometimes aided by cutting test pieces from the component and fracturing the test pieces. Fracture markings and fracture origins from the latter may aid component interpretation.
5.4 Optimum fractographic analysis requires examination of as many similar specimens or components as possible. This will enhance the chances of successful interpretations. Examination of only one or a few specimens can be misleading. Of course, in some instances the fractographer may have access to only one or a few fractured specimens or components.
5.5 Successful and complete fractography also requires careful consideration of all ancillary information that may be available, such as microstructural characteristics, material fabrication, properties and service histories, component or specimen machining, or preparation techniques.
5.6 Fractographic inspection and analysis can b...
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this practice is to provide an efficient and consistent methodology to locate and characterize fracture origins in advanced ceramics. It is applicable to advanced ceramics that are brittle; that is, fracture that takes place with little or no preceding plastic deformation. In such materials, fracture commences from a single location which is termed the fracture origin. The fracture origin in brittle ceramics normally consists of some irregularity or singularity in the material which acts as a stress concentrator. In the parlance of the engineer or scientist, these irregularities are termed flaws or defects. The latter word should not be construed to mean that the material has been prepared improperly or is somehow faulty.
1.2 Although this practice is primarily intended for laboratory test piece analysis, the general concepts and procedures may be applied to component fracture analyses as well. In many cases, component fracture analysis may be aided by cutting laboratory test pieces out of the component. Information gleaned from testing the laboratory pieces (for example, flaw types, general fracture features, fracture mirror constants) may then aid interpretation of component fractures. For more information on component fracture analysis, see Ref (1 and 2).2
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1322 − 15
Standard Practice for
Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in
1
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 The objective of this practice is to provide an efficient 2.1 ASTM Standards:
and consistent methodology to locate and characterize fracture C162Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
origins in advanced ceramics. It is applicable to advanced C242Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
ceramics that are brittle; that is, fracture that takes place with Products
little or no preceding plastic deformation. In such materials, C1036Specification for Flat Glass
fracturecommencesfromasinglelocationwhichistermedthe C1145Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
fractureorigin.Thefractureorigininbrittleceramicsnormally C1161Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
consists of some irregularity or singularity in the material Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
which acts as a stress concentrator. In the parlance of the C1211Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
engineer or scientist, these irregularities are termed flaws or Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
defects. The latter word should not be construed to mean that C1239Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
the material has been prepared improperly or is somehow Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced
faulty. Ceramics
C1499Test Method for Monotonic Equibiaxial Flexural
1.2 Although this practice is primarily intended for labora-
Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
tory test piece analysis, the general concepts and procedures
C1678Practice for Fractographic Analysis of Fracture Mir-
may be applied to component fracture analyses as well. In
ror Sizes in Ceramics and Glasses
many cases, component fracture analysis may be aided by
F109Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on
cutting laboratory test pieces out of the component. Informa-
Ceramics
tion gleaned from testing the laboratory pieces (for example,
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2.2 NIST Standard:
flaw types, general fracture features, fracture mirror constants)
NIST Special Publication SP 960-16Guide to Practice for
may then aid interpretation of component fractures. For more
Fractography of Ceramics and Glasses (2)
information on component fracture analysis, see Ref (1 and
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2 2.3 CEN Standard:
2).
EN 843-6Advanced Technical Ceramics. Mechanical Prop-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
erties of Monolithic Ceramics at Room Temperature.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Guidance for Fractographic Investigation, European Stan-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dards Committee (CEN), 2010
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C28 on Advanced For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Properties and Performance. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally the ASTM website.
4
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1322–05b (2010). Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
DOI: 10.1520/C1322-15. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
2 5
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
this standard. Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C1322 − 15
3.1.1 General—Thefollowingtermsaregivenasabasisfor 3.13 compositional inhomogeneity, n, (CI)—as used in
identifying fracture origins in advanced ceramics. It should be fractography, a volume-distributed flaw that is a microstruc-
recognized that origins can manifest themselves differently in tural irregularity related to the nonuniform distribution of the
various materials. The photographs in Appendix X1 show primary constit
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1322 − 05b (Reapproved 2010) C1322 − 15
Standard Practice for
Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in
1
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 The objective of this practice is to provide an efficient and consistent methodology to locate and characterize fracture origins
in advanced ceramics. It is applicable to advanced ceramics whichthat are brittle; that is, the material adheres to Hooke’s Law up
to fracture. fracture that takes place with little or no preceding plastic deformation. In such materials, fracture commences from
a single location which is termed the fracture origin. The fracture origin in brittle ceramics normally consists of some irregularity
or singularity in the material which acts as a stress concentrator. In the parlance of the engineer or scientist, these irregularities are
termed flaws or defects. The latter word should not be construed to mean that the material has been prepared improperly or is
somehow faulty.
1.2 Although this practice is primarily intended for laboratory test piece analysis, the general concepts and procedures may be
applied to component failurefracture analyses as well. In many cases, component failurefracture analysis may be aided by cutting
laboratory test pieces out of the component. Information gleaned from testing the laboratory pieces (for example, flaw types,
general fracture features, fracture mirror constants) may then aid interpretation of component fractures. For more information on
2
component fracture analysis, see Ref (1 and 2).
1.3 This practice supersedes Military Handbook 790.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C1211 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
C1499 Test Method for Monotonic Equibiaxial Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C1678 Practice for Fractographic Analysis of Fracture Mirror Sizes in Ceramics and Glasses
F109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
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2.2 MilitaryNIST Standard:
Military Handbook 790,NIST Special Publication SP 960-16 Fractography and CharacterizationGuide to Practice for
Fractography of Ceramics and Glasses of (2Fracture )Origins in Advanced Structural Ceramics, 1992
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical Properties
and Performance.
Current edition approved July 15, 2010July 1, 2015. Published November 2010October 2015. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20052010
ε1
as C1322 – 05b (2010). . DOI: 10.1520/C1322-05BR10.10.1520/C1322-15.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from Army Research Laboratory-Materials Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005.National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1322 − 15
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2.3 CEN Standard:
EN 843-6 Advanced Technical Ceramics. Me
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