ASTM F904-98(2003)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Laminates are made by bonding together two or more layers of material or materials. Their performance is often dependent on the ability of the laminate to function as a single unit. If the plies have not been properly bonded together, the performance may be adversely affected. Laminates may maintain adequate bond strength under standard test conditions, but under conditions of use may exhibit an increase or decrease in bond strength. Applying heat, such as in boilable pouch applications, may adversely affect bond strength, as may cold temperatures, such as those encountered in freezer storage of foods. Fats and oils may also influence bond strength as well as the softness or moduli of the plies. This test method can be used to compare bond strength of similar materials and to study changes under these and other conditions of end use, providing caution is used with respect to the effects of the included force to bend the separated plies.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of similar laminates made from flexible materials such as cellulose, paper, plastic film, and foil. This includes laminates made by various processes: adhesive laminates, extrusion coatings, extrusion laminates, and coextrusion.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.1.1.
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Designation:F904–98 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar
Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 904; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is
impossibletomeasurewithcurrenttechnology.Theaboveisrecognizedandaccepted,sinceallknown
methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that
required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the
bendingforceisincludedandthatdirectcomparisonsbetweendifferentmaterials,orevenbetweenthe
same materials of different thicknesses, cannot be made.Also, conditioning that affects the softness or
moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.
1. Scope D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
Sheeting
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
bond strength or ply adhesion of similar laminates made from
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
flexiblematerialssuchascellulose,paper,plasticfilm,andfoil.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
This includes laminates made by various processes: adhesive
laminates, extrusion coatings, extrusion laminates, and coex-
3. Terminology
trusion.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.1 adhesive failure—failure at the interface of two adja-
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
cent layers.
information purposes only.
3.1.2 cohesive failure—failure within one of the two adja-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cent layers comprising the bonded area under test.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 bond strength—amount of force or energy required to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
separatepliesofmaterialormaterialsplustheforcetobendthe
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
plies.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
3.1.4 necking—localized reduction in cross section which
tionary statements are given in 7.1.1.
may occur in a material under tensile stress.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.5 web—refers to roll stock after it has been unwound
from the roll.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F02 on Flexible 4.1 Ply separation is initially started mechanically by the
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.20 on
application of heat or by using a solvent.The separated plies of
Physical Properties.
the test specimen are placed into the grips of a tensile testing
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published December 1998. Originally
machine.The grips are then separated and the force required to
published as F 904 – 84. Last previous edition F 904 – 91.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F904–98 (2003)
further separate the plies is defined as bond strength. Alterna- 9. Preparation of Apparatus and Calibration
tively, the energy may be used.
9.1 Equip the tensile testing machine according to manufac-
turer’s instructions for tensile testing thin films.
NOTE 1—The force to bend the separated plies is included.
9.2 Set full-scale load so that most test specimen scans fall
in the center two thirds of the chart, and draw speed at 28.0
5. Significance and Use
cm/min610 %(10or12in./minareincluded).Afewtrialruns
5.1 Laminates are made by bonding together two or more
may be required. Other draw speeds may be used if it can be
layers of material or materials. Their performance is often
shown that they yield the same results as those specified.
dependent on the ability of the laminate to function as a single
unit. If the plies have not been properly bonded together, the
10. Conditioning
performance may be adversely affected. Laminates may main-
10.1 Specimen Conditioning:
tain adequate bond strength under standard test conditions, but
10.1.1 Store specimens at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50
under conditions of use may exhibit an increase or decrease in
6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h.
bond strength. Applying heat, such as in boilable pouch
10.2 End-Use Specimen Conditioning:
applications, may adversely affect bond strength, as may cold
10.2.1 Store specimens at the specific end-use temperature
temperatures, such as those encountered in freezer storage of
and humidity for not less than 40 h.
foods.Fatsandoilsmayalsoinfluencebondstrengthaswellas
10.2.2 Accelerated testing conditions for “wet” materials
the softness or moduli of the plies. This test method can be
packaging may be accomplished by placing the test specimens
usedtocomparebondstrengthofsimilarmaterialsandtostudy
between paper towels saturated with distilled water, sealing in
changes under these and other conditions of end use, providing
amoistureproofpouchandstoringat23 62°C(73.4 63.6°F)
caution is used with respect to the effects of the included force
for 40 h.
to bend the separated plies.
10.2.3 Conditioning to simulate other conditions of end use
shall be determined by specific application. Normally the
6. Apparatus
conditioning period will be 40 to 96 h.
6.1 Grips—Agripping system that minimizes both slippage
10.2.4 In some cases, conditioning will consist of treatment
and uneven stress distribution is required. Grips lined with thin
of test specimen prior to actual conditioning. Example: Boil-
rubber, crocus cloth or pressure sensitive tape, as well as
able pouch applications. Test specimens may be immersed in
file-faced or serrated grips have been successfully used for
boiling water for a period of time equal to normal end use and
many materials. Air-actuated grips have been found advanta-
then conditioned for testing as specified in 10.1.1 (or perhaps
geous, particularly in the case of materials that tend to “neck”
tested shortly after boiling treatment if desired to simulate
in the grips, since pressure is maintained
...
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