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ASTM F904-98

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials

Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the bond strength or ply adhesion of similar laminates made from flexible materials such as cellulose, paper, plastic film, and foil. This includes laminates made by various processes: adhesive laminates, extrusion coatings, extrusion laminates, and coextrusion.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.1.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1998
ICS
83.140.20 - Laminated sheets
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.30 - Mechanical Dispensers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F904-98(2003) - Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998

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ASTM F904-98 - Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible MaterialsASTM F904-98 - Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
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ASTM F904-98 - Standard Test Method for Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact
ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: F 904 – 98
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Comparison of Bond Strength or Ply Adhesion of Similar
1
Laminates Made from Flexible Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 904; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
It has been widely discussed in the literature that bond strength of flexible multi-ply materials is
impossible to measure with current technology. The above is recognized and accepted, since all known
methods of measurement include the force required to bend the separated layers, in addition to that
required to separate them. However, useful information can be obtained when one realizes that the
bending force is included and that direct comparisons between different materials, or even between the
same materials of different thicknesses, cannot be made. Also, conditioning that affects the softness or
moduli of the plies will be reflected in the bond strength measurement.
1. Scope 3.1.1 adhesive failure—failure at the interface of two adja-
cent layers.
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the
3.1.2 cohesive failure—failure within one of the two adja-
bond strength or ply adhesion of similar laminates made from
cent layers comprising the bonded area under test.
flexible materials such as cellulose, paper, plastic film, and foil.
3.1.3 bond strength—amount of force or energy required to
This includes laminates made by various processes: adhesive
separate plies of material or materials plus the force to bend the
laminates, extrusion coatings, extrusion laminates, and coex-
plies.
trusion.
3.1.4 necking—localized reduction in cross section which
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
may occur in a material under tensile stress.
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
3.1.5 web—refers to roll stock after it has been unwound
information purposes only.
from the roll.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Ply separation is initially started mechanically by the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
application of heat or by using a solvent. The separated plies of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
the test specimen are placed into the grips of a tensile testing
tionary statements are given in 7.1.1.
machine. The grips are then separated and the force required to
2. Referenced Documents further separate the plies is defined as bond strength. Alterna-
tively, the energy may be used.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
NOTE 1—The force to bend the separated plies is included.
2
Sheeting
2
5. Significance and Use
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.1 Laminates are made by bonding together two or more
3
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
layers of material or materials. Their performance is often
dependent on the ability of the laminate to function as a single
3. Terminology
unit. If the plies have not been properly bonded together, the
3.1 Definitions:
performance may be adversely affected. Laminates may main-
tain adequate bond strength under standard test conditions, but
under conditions of use may exhibit an increase or decrease in
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-2 on Flexible
bond strength. Applying heat, such as in boilable pouch
Barrier Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.30 on Test
Methods.
applications, may adversely affect bond strength, as may cold
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published December 1998. Originally
temperatures, such as those encountered in freezer storage of
published as F 904 – 84. Last previous edition F 904 – 91.
2 foods. Fats and oils may also influence bond strength as well as
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. the softness or moduli of the plies. This test method can be
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superceded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or¬discontinued.¬
Contact¬ASTM¬International¬(www.astm.org)¬for¬the¬latest¬information.¬
F 904
used to compare bond strength of similar materials and to study a
...

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ASTM F904-22(Practice)
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5.1 Laminates are made by bonding together two or more layers of material or materials, where each layer might be a single or multi-layer material. When the bonding agent is reactive and requires time to reach full performance, the bond strength is typically measured as a green (un-cured) bond and a cured bond. For processes that intentionally create a nonlaminated edge, that edge is generally used to initiate the bond strength measurement. The techniques described in this practice can be used to initiate separation of plies when a non-laminated edge is not present.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes techniques for separating plies of laminates made from flexible materials such as cellulose, paper, plastic film, and foil to enable the measurement of the bond strength or ply adhesion of the laminate. This includes laminates made by various processes: adhesive laminates, extrusion coatings, extrusion laminates, and coextrusions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 6.1.1.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
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1.1 This specification defines production tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, shapes, and flat sheet pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.  
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Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
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4.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of standards for polymer matrix composite materials. It specifically summarizes the application of standards from ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials that apply to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials. For reference and comparison, many commonly used or applicable ASTM standards from other ASTM Committees are also included.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes the application of ASTM standard test methods (and other supporting standards) to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials. The most commonly used or most applicable ASTM standards are included, emphasizing use of standards of Committee D30 on Composite Materials.  
1.2 This guide does not cover all possible standards that could apply to polymer matrix composites and restricts discussion to the documented scope. Commonly used but non-standard industry extensions of test method scopes, such as application of static test methods to fatigue testing, are not discussed. A more complete summary of general composite testing standards, including non-ASTM test methods, is included in the Composite Materials Handbook (CMH-17).2 Additional specific recommendations for testing textile (fabric, braided) composites are contained in Guide D6856.  
1.3 This guide does not specify a system of measurement; the systems specified within each of the referenced standards shall apply as appropriate. Note that the referenced standards of ASTM Committee D30 are either SI-only or combined-unit standards with SI units listed first.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D6873/D6873M-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying static bearing test methods to determine the fatigue behavior of composite materials subjected to cyclic bearing forces. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites in which the laminate is both symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.  
1.2 This practice supplements Test Method D5961/D5961M with provisions for testing specimens under cyclic loading. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, fastener selection, fastener installation method, and fatigue force/stress ratio) are not mandated by this practice; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 This practice is limited to test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either engineering stress or applied force may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue variable. The repetitive loadings may be tensile, compressive, or reversed, depending upon the test specimen and procedure utilized.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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ASTM D8387/D8387M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for High Bypass – Low Bearing Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial high bypass - low bearing interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers using a two-fastener hard point joint specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for this procedure. A number of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1. This test method was previously published under Test Method D7248/D7248M-17 Procedure C.  
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of Composite Materials Handbook, CMH-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing/bypass interaction response test method.  
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this test method are intended to provide data in the relatively high bypass, low bearing part of the composite bolted joint bearing-bypass interaction diagram. This data complements the data from filled hole tension and compression (Practice D6742/D6742M), bearing (Test Method D5961/D5961M), and low bypass/high bearing interaction (Test Method D7248/D7248M) tests.  
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5.2 This test method can be utilized in the study of fatigue damage in a polymer matrix composite such as the occurrence of microscopic cracks, fiber fractures, or delaminations.3 The specimen's residual strength or stiffness, or both, may change due to these damage mechanisms. The loss in stiffness may be quantified by discontinuing cyclic loading at selected cycle intervals to obtain the quasi-static axial stress-strain curve using modulus determination procedures found in Test Method D3039/D3039M. The loss in strength associated with fatigue damage may be determined by discontinuing cyclic loading to obtain the static strength using Test Method D3039/D3039M.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the fatigue behavior of polymer matrix composite materials subjected to tensile cyclic loading. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test method is limited to unnotched test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial in-plane loading where the loading is defined in terms of a test control parameter.  
1.2 This test method presents two procedures where each defines a different test control parameter.  
1.2.1 Procedure A—A system in which the test control parameter is the load (stress) and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude load cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using either engineering stress or applied load as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.2.2 Procedure B—A system in which the test control parameter is the strain in the loading direction and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude strain cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using engineering strain in the loading direction as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
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1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification is applicable to the use of plastic lumber materials and of wood-plastic composite materials, and no other plastic composite materials, used as exterior wall coverings, as part of an exterior wall assembly.  
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1.3 This specification is not applicable to the use of any of the following types of materials:
(a) poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) siding (see Specification D3679, for standard vinyl siding, or Specification D7793, for insulated vinyl siding),
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1.4 This specification is not applicable to the use of plastic lumber materials or of wood-plastic composite materials in any application other than the one addressed in 1.1. In particular, this specification is not applicable to the use of plastic lumber materials or of wood-plastic composite materials as exterior deck boards, stair treads, handrails, guards, or soffits.  
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Standard Practice Unnotched Compression Testing of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

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5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions for the use of Test Method D6484/D6484M to determine unnotched compressive strength data for material specifications, research and development, material design allowables, and quality assurance. Factors that influence compressive strengths and shall therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material fabrication, accuracy of lay-up, laminate stacking sequence and overall thickness, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Unnotched compressive (UNC) strength, Fxunc,  
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5.1.4 Poisson's ratio in compression.  
5.2 This practice provides a compression test method for laminates containing fibers in multiple fiber directions, particularly those combining axial (0 degree) fibers and off-axis (± θ degree) fibers. Other compression strength test methods include SACMA SRM-1 (also known as the modified D695), D3410/D3410M, D5467/D5467M, D6641/D6641M, and D7249/D7249M. The SRM-1 test uses 12.6 mm [0.50 in.] wide specimens, which is only appropriate for unidirectional tape, cross-ply [0/90]ns tape, or small unit-cell-size fabrics (e.g. 3K-70-P). Larger cell-size fabrics (for example, spread-tow 12K fabrics) should be tested with wider specimens. The standard D3410/D3410M and D6641/D6641M test fixtures do permit the use of wider specimens, for example, 25.4 mm [1.0 in.] wide, and thus can be used to test laminates containing both axial and off-axis fibers; however their gage lengths are relatively short. Test Method D5467/D5467M is intended to obtain the compressive strength of unidirectional laminates, but is expensive due to the sandwich beam confi...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides instructions for using the Test Method D6484/D6484M open hole compression test fixture to determine unnotched compressive strength of multi-directional laminates. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites in which the laminate is both symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Tensile Properties of Tapered and Stepped Joints of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test practice is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should therefore be reported include the following: materials (laminates and adhesive), methods of material preparation including surface preparation prior to bonding, lay-ups, specimen stacking sequence, joint taper ratio or step length, ply overlap length, material relative thicknesses and stiffness of the parent and repair laminates, adhesive bond stiffness, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test practice, include the following:  
5.1.1 Ultimate tensile strength (based on the nominal parent material thickness), (Fptu).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test practice defines the procedure for determination of the tensile strength of a tapered or stepped joint of polymer matrix composite materials. It is applicable to secondary bonded or co-bonded laminates with either unidirectional plies or woven fabric reinforcements. The materials to be bonded may be different material systems. In the bondline, a separate adhesive material may or may not be used (example: adhesives may be used with a prepreg system or may not be used with a wet lay-up repair system). The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses is described in 8.2.1.  
1.2 This practice supplements Test Method D3039/D3039M for tensile loading. Several important test specimen parameters (for example, joint length, ply overlaps, step depth, and taper ratio) are not mandated by this practice, however, these parameters are required to be specified and reported to support repeatable results.  
1.3 Unidirectional (0° ply orientation) tape composites, textile composites, as well as multidirectional composite laminates, can be tested.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers composition, thickness, fabricating procedures, and physical property requirements for glass fiber reinforced thermoset polyester, vinyl ester, or other qualified thermosetting resin laminates comprising the materials of construction for RTP corrosion-resistant tanks, piping, and equipment. This specification is limited to fabrication by contact molding.  
Note 1: The laminates covered by this specification are manufactured during fabrication of contact-molded RTP tanks, piping, and other equipment.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in parentheses are conversions from inch-pound units and are for information only.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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