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ASTM D6573/D6573M-00e1

(Specification)

Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wirebound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.
1.2 Wirebound box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, styles, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification does not cover wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Wirebound boxes in compliance with Hazardous Material Modal Regulations or United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) are found in the Supplementary Requirements.
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques are acceptable and shall be permitted, provided the resulting packaging systems are of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate Practice D 4169 distribution cycle(s) can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.
1.4 Units--The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in brackets are mathematical. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. See IEEE/SI 10 for conversion of units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2001
ICS
55.160 - Cases. Boxes. Crates
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.12 - Shipping Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6573/D6573M-00 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D6573/D6573M-01 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6253-16 - Standard Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001

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ASTM D6573/D6573M-00e1 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping BoxesASTM D6573/D6573M-00e1 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
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ASTM D6573/D6573M-00e1 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 6573/D 6573M – 00
Standard Specification for
1
General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6573/D 6573M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Figure 3 was editorially corrected in March 2001.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wire-
bound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to
2. Referenced Documents
as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as
2.1 ASTM Standards:
containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general
A 641 Specification for Zinc-Coated Galvanized Carbon
materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for
2
Steel Wire
class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas
A 777 Specification for Galvanized Round Steel Tying
shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution
3
Wire
hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.
A 809 Specification for Aluminum-Coated (Aluminized)
1.2 Wirebound box performance is dependent on its fabri-
2
Carbon Steel Wire
cated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, styles,
2
A 818 Specification for Coppered Carbon Steel Wire
and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified.
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
This specification does not cover wirebound box performance
4
ments
under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage condi-
D 1990 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for
tions. Wirebound boxes in compliance with Hazardous Mate-
Visual-Graded Dimension, Lumber from In-Grade Tests of
rial Modal Regulations or United States Code of Federal
5
Full-Size Specimens
Regulations (CFRs) are found in the Supplementary Require-
D 3950 Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-
ments.
4
ing Methods)
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques are
4
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
acceptable and shall be permitted, provided the resulting
4
D 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
packaging systems are of equal or better performance than
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
would result from the use of these specified materials and
4
tainers and Systems
procedures. The appropriate Practice D 4169 distribution
D 6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-
cycle(s) can be used to develop comparative procedures and
4
ers and Pallets
criteria.
D 6254/D 6254M Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
4
Wood Boxes
regarded as standard. The SI values given in brackets are
F 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes
mathematical. The values stated in each system are not exact
6
and Staples
equivalents; therefore, each system must be used indepen-
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
dently of the other. Combining values from the two systems
7
System of Units (SI) (the Modern Metric System)
may result in non-conformance with the standard. See IEEE/SI
2.2 Federal Specification:
10 for conversion of units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.06.
3
Discontinued. See 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.06.
1 4
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
5
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.26 on Wooden Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
6
Crates, Pallets, and Skids. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.08.
7
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published September 2000. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 6573/D 6573M
Fed-Std-123 Federal Standard Marking for Shipment (Civil 4.4.2 Grade B—Without water preservative treatment.
8
Agencies)
5. Ordering Information
2.3 Military Specification:
MIL-HDBK-129 Department of Defense Handbook Mili- 5.1 Purchasers should cite the following information in
9
procurement and purchase order documents:
tary Marking
2.4 National Motor Freight Traffıc Association Standard: 5.1.1 This specification title, ASTM number, and date.
10
5.1.2 Type of load, box type, class, style, and treatmen
...

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Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Panelboard Shipping Boxes

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This specification covers the fabrication and closure of empty and full wood-cleated, hereafter referred to as wood-cleated, panelboard boxes. These boxes are intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies. The box shall be classified according to box type: Type I; Type II; Type II; and Type IV. According to class: Class 1 and Class 2. According to style: Style A; Style A1; Style B; Style C through K. According to preservative treatment; Treatment A and Treatment B. And according to load type: Type 1; Type 2; and Type 3. Panels shall be fabricated by nailing, stapling, or gluing panelboard to cleats placed. Fastener component test, fastener test for securing cleats to panelboard panels; lateral resistance test; direct withdrawal resistance test; oxine copper preservative test; zinc napthenate preservative test; and preservative dryness test shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication and closure of empty and full wood-cleated, hereafter referred to as wood-cleated, panelboard boxes. These boxes are intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 1000 lb [454 kg] depending on box type (see 10.1).  
1.2 Wood-cleated panelboard shipping box performance is dependent on its fabricated components and subsequent assembly; therefore, a variety of types, classes, styles, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification, however, does not cover wood-cleated panelboard box performance under all atmospheric, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
1.3 If the use of other construction methods or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.17), the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle, specified in Practice D4169, can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of units.  
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ASTM D2658-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Fiberboard Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dimensions are important properties in the general construction of a box, and accurate methods of measurement are required for research work, routine control, and acceptance testing for conformance to specifications. For packages to carry and protect their contents effectively and efficiently, boxes and interior components must be properly and consistently sized. Correctly dimensioned and well-made boxes can be more easily set up by hand or be erected using automatic equipment. “Square” boxes (rectangular parallelepipeds) will stack better to accept load and improve stability during storage and shipment.  
4.1.1 Interior dimensions of boxes are critical when the contents of the box are intended to fill or nearly fill the box with little unused side and head space. The inside dimension by tape method are the size values most often cited in box design (see 9.1, and TAPPI T827). The interior size of a box can be estimated from the score to score measurements when the scoring allowance is taken into account (see Appendix X2). The actual inside dimensions can be measured directly using the box gauge method (see 9.2). Either method can be used to measure interior box dimensions.  
4.1.2 Exterior dimensions may be the critical design criteria when attempting to optimize use of the shipping platform area and overall stack height based on transportation and storage limitations. Exterior dimensions are also key design elements when making common footprint boxes.5 The exterior dimensions of a box can be measured directly using the exterior dimensions by tape method (see Appendix X1).  
4.2 Measuring a Lot Quantity of Boxes—This method determines if a lot (that is, production run) is within specified tolerance for each dimension (length, width, and depth as are shown in Practice D5118/D5118M). A minimum of five specimens are measured. The test result for each dimension is the individual measurements of that dimension on all specimens (see 9.3).  
4.3 Measuring Single Bo...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the interior and exterior dimensions of regular slotted or special slotted styles of single-wall corrugated, double-wall corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D5118/D5118M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes, sleeves, and liners are used to unitize products into packages of size and shape suitable for manual or mechanical handling and to protect the contents against environmental, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
4.2 This practice covers some of the basic constructions and styles of commercially available fiberboard packaging used to unitize and protect contents. This practice also provides references to aid in box design for performance and for testing boxes to gauge actual performance.  
4.3 Use of Other Specifications—Nothing in this practice shall be construed to prohibit the use of boxes of special design or of fiberboard packages identified by package number in the current Uniform Freight Classification and National Motor Freight Classification when in the experience and judgment of the purchaser, the nature of the articles or material to be shipped justifies such boxes or packages. Some commodities may require less protection while other commodities may require better boxes than are specified herein. Containers for explosives and dangerous articles must also comply with regulations for the Transport of Hazardous Materials (CFR Title 49).  
FIG. 1 Fiberboard Box Dimensioning  
FIG. 2 Box, Fiberboard; Detail of Manufacturer's Joint Construction for Class Weather Resistant and WWVR Boxes  
FIG. 3 Box, Fiberboard; Details of Manufacturer's Joint Types  
FIG. 4 Cover Assembly  
FIG. 5 Box, Fiberboard; SL—Sleeve  
FIG. 6 Box, Fiberboard; L—Liner  
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FIG. 8 Box, Fiberboard; OSC—Overlap Slotted Box (0202)  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of new fiberboard boxes, liners, and sleeves.  
1.2 This practice points out the factors and components that must be controlled in the manufacture of corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes, liners, and sleeves.  
1.3 This practice does not directly cover the adequacy of fiberboard containers under all conditions of exposure to atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage. However, references regarding how to assess the adequacy of container under these conditions are included in the practice.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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4.1 In the distribution system, the packaged product may be stored for a period of time in a manner such that one or more containers are stacked on one another. The bottom package is thus continually subjected to a constant compression load.  
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4.1 This practice assists users in selecting appropriate performance characteristics of corrugated fiberboard or box construction, or both, commensurate with their user’s needs for packing and distribution of goods. This practice describes several attributes of fiberboard and boxes which relate to various hazards encountered in distribution and describes test parameters which may be specified by the user to ensure sufficient strength in the box for containment, storage, handling, transport and protection of contents.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated fiberboard for the prospective user who wants guidance in selecting attributes of materials and box construction based on performance requirements. These attributes should be part of specifications which establish levels of the qualities a shipping container shall have achieved in order to be acceptable to the purchaser or user. The attributes and qualities should be testable, using standard methods that are recognized by both the buyer and seller. This practice will assist users in developing specifications for corrugated containers through an analysis of performance requirements and subsequent relationships to fiberboard materials and box construction attributes. This practice is meant to complement the box buyer–box manufacturer relationship by having the buyer (user) better understand, discuss, and negotiate needed elements of box design and specification. The full box design process is complex, and it is beyond the scope of this standard.  
1.2 The attributes and their levels should be based on the intended use of the box, including the handling and environment it will encounter. Many packaging rules include detailed descriptions of the materials that may be used and style, closure, or other construction details of allowed shipping containers. These rules are presented as minimum requirements; they may be exceeded for functional reasons, but there is no regulatory reason to do so. Rail and motor freight classifications applicable for surface common carrier transportation have established minimum requirements for certain attributes of corrugated packaging. These may or may not be appropriate for application in the complete distribution system, as they encompass only containerboard or combined corrugated board — not finished boxes — and are not intended to provide for the distribution and storage system beyond the transportation segment.  
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ASTM D6881/D6881M-03(2020)(Classification)
Standard Classification for Standard Plastics Industry Bulk Box/Pallet Unit Size Classified By Bulk Density

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard classification will be used to:  
4.1.1 Standardize the package size increasing availability, versatility, and acceptability of bulk box/pallet units.  
4.1.2 Lower transport package manufacturing costs.  
4.1.3 Lower cost/lb of packaged resin because of higher net weight/package.  
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4.1.6 Optimize lifecycle package cost.  
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4.1.9 Reduce warehouse space for resin storage.  
4.1.10 Reduce forklift trips (carrying higher weight).  
4.1.11 Promote multi-industry usage of common footprint boxes and pallets (examples are the automotive and chemical drum industry).  
4.1.12 Guide the first-time resin packager as to a successful bulk box/pallet unit now in use in the resin industry.  
4.1.13 Optimize net product weight in truckload trailer vans and oversea containers.  
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4.2.2 Bulk box manufacturers to recommend a proven cost-effective package for plastic resins in the targeted bulk density range.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers containers used to hold plastic resins with bulk density (Test Methods D1895) of 27 to 39 lb/ft3 (0.432 to 0.625 g/cm3).  
1.2 This classification does not apply to any plastic resins with bulk density below 27 lb/ft3 (0.432 g/cm3) or above 39lb/ft3  (0.625 g/cm3).  
1.3 This classification does not apply to bulk boxes containing hazardous materials.  
1.4 This classification does not address box/pallet unitization requirements.  
1.5 This classification does not address requirements of plastic bag liners normally placed inside the corrugated bulk box before filling with plastic resin.  
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1.7 This classification does not address blocking and bracing or other shipping requirements normally associated with bulk box unit deliveries.  
1.8 This classification does not address filled bulk box/pallet unit stack height.  
1.9 This classification does not address international shipping regulations of bulk box/pallet units.  
1.10 This classification does not address pallet opening sizes for pallet trucks.  
1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.13 This classification offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this classification may be applicable in all circumstances. This...

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ASTM D6254/D6254M-20(Specification)
Standard Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type Wood Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wire bound pallet-type wooden boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding a certain weight given. Wire bound pallet-type wooden box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. According to type of material used in the manufacture of wooden boxes, four types are classified: Type I which are made with sheathed lumber, Type II which are made with sheathed lumber and veneer, Type III which are made of sheathed lumber and veneer with two different length sidewalls, and Type IV which are made of sheathed plywood. Four classes have been designated to wooden boxes, according to the number of entry ways: Class 1 which has partial four-way entry base, Class 2 which has two-way entry base, Class 3 which has partial four-way entry base with two different length sidewalls, and Class 4 which has two-way entry base with two different length sidewalls. And for the wooden boxes’ last classification, the way they are treated are described also as follows: Treatment A and B- with water preservative treatment and Treatment C without preservative treatment. All recovered, recycled, or virgin materials used in box manufacture shall meet the requirements of this specification and referenced documents. In addition, materials shall not affect or be affected by the product being packed. To determine the wooden boxes’ performance, the following tests shall be conducted: wood members moisture content test, coating adherence on galvanized wire test, wire tensile strength test, oxine copper preservative test, and zinc napthenate preservative test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wirebound pallet-type wood boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 2500 lb [1134 kg] (see 4.1 and 10.1).  
1.2 Wirebound pallet-type wood box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified (see 4). This specification, however, does not cover wirebound pallet-type wood box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.11), provided the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle provided in Practice D4169 can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See for conversion of units.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6573/D6573M-13(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication of new wire-bound general purpose panelboard shipping boxes for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of materials and supplies. This specification does not include wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Methods other than those detailed here may be used for the construction of the boxes, provided, that the finished products are of equal or better performance than those produced using the recommended procedures. The boxes are grouped into three types according to the load each box can carry, three classes according to shipment specifications, three styles, and two grades. It is recommended that the boxes be made from recycled materials, lumber, wires, and fasteners that meet the requirements of this specification. Each box side and joint should be assembled according to the recommended procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wirebound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for Class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.  
1.2 Wirebound box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types of load, classes, styles, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification does not cover wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Wirebound boxes in compliance with Hazardous Material Modal Regulations or United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) are found in the Supplementary Requirements.  
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques are acceptable and shall be permitted, provided the resulting packaging systems are of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate Practice D4169 distribution cycle(s) can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in brackets are mathematical. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of units.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6804-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve ergonomic and handling problems associated with large or awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper hand hole design and use.  
4.1.1 Boxes for handling by a single person.  
4.1.2 Boxes that are too large or awkward to be handled well by a single person (4.4.1).  
4.2 Ergonomics:  
4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environment for material handlers who may be required to lift or transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to define and varies with the package in question. Several ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine loading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger and foot protection.  
4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disorders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back problems continue to represent the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.4  
4.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material handler's hands closer to the body. With large or awkward boxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position can solve this problem.  
4.2.4 Maximum weight for lifting is not generally specified by safety organizations. However, when considerations of repetition, movement, and other ergonomics are taken into account, a typical maximum load per single person is often limited to 40 to 50 lb per package.  
4.3 NIOSH:  
4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting.5 This document may be of assistance in developing proper hand holes and their placement for a specific package.  
4.3.2 Hand holes for single person box handling are generally intended for vertical symmetric lifting with some rotation and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes during manual handling of boxed cargo.  
1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure performance. It is not intended to provide specific information on the design of hand holes.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use..  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6055-96(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are designed for use in most cases with the actual equipment to be used in load handling.  
4.2 These test methods may be used in evaluating the shipping unit as to suitability for mechanical handling by standard user-specified load-handling equipment.  
4.3 These test methods will allow the user to determine integrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidance to improve the design of the unit load where deficiencies are found.  
4.4 Damage to products or packages observed during testing may be expected to correlate at least in a qualitative way to damage observed in actual distribution handling systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of unitized loads and large cases and crates, but not individual drums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the contents to endure normal handling, using standard mechanical handling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable to all products containers and loads. These test methods are applicable to common means of material handling, including pull pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipment as follows:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Fork Truck Handling—For testing the ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlings by this test method.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Spade Lift Test—For lifting by spade lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this test method.  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Clamp Handling Test—For lifting by hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated side compression and lifting.  
1.1.4 Test Method D—Push-Pull Handling Test—For testing the ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstand repeated handling by this test method.  
1.1.5 Test Method E—Grabhook Test—For lifting by grabhooks to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks.  
1.1.6 Test Method F—Sling Tests—For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.  
1.2 Additional Test Methods:  
1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mechanical handling and rough handling tests of unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D880; horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D4003.  
1.2.2 Practice D4169 provides a series of options for selecting and running performance tests on all types of shipping containers and systems.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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