ASTM D2210-00(2008)

Standard Test Method for Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method is designed to measure the force required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic pressure on a diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the flesh side of the specimen to form a sphere. The cracking of the grain is a result of failure under elongation or stretch. The elongation or stretch of the leather can be measured at different loads or at the failure of the grain to determine if the stress leather will withstand under lasting conditions. Cuts, scratches, and other defects will cause considerable variation in the results by concentration of the applied force to the weak points. This test method is excellent for manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting property of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the extension of the leather. It is limited to light leathers such as shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2008
• ICS: 59.140.30 - Leather and furs
• Technical Committee: D31 - Leather
• Drafting Committee: D31.03 - Footwear

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2210-00(2004) - Standard Test Method for Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2008
• Replaced By: ASTM D2210-00(2012) - Standard Test Method for Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D2322-14(2023) - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather to Artificial Perspiration
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2210 − 00 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Method for
1
Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope fleshsideofthespecimentoformasphere.Thecrackingofthe
grain is a result of failure under elongation or stretch. The
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
elongationorstretchoftheleathercanbemeasuredatdifferent
tance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the
loads or at the failure of the grain to determine if the stress
extension of the leather. It is limited to light leathers such as
leatherwillwithstandunderlastingconditions.Cuts,scratches,
shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery.This test method
and other defects will cause considerable variation in the
does not apply to wet blue.
resultsbyconcentrationoftheappliedforcetotheweakpoints.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
This test method is excellent for manufacturing control, speci-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fication acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
property of leather. This test method may not apply when the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
conditions of the test employed differ widely from those
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specified in the test method.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
5.1 Testing Machine, asshowninFig.1.Themachineshall
D1610Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Prod-
be hand- or power-driven. The machine shall hold the speci-
ucts for Testing
men firmly, without slippage, between two annular, plane,
D1813Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather
unpolished (matte) surfaces that may have fine, spiral tool
Test Specimens
marks not over 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in depth.
3. Terminology
5.2 Upper Clamping Surface—The upper clamping surface
(clampingring)shallhaveacircularopening1.240 60.010in.
3.1 Definitions:
(31.50 6 0.25 mm) in diameter and shall be connected to the
3.1.1 extension—the amount of stretch of leather over the
clamping mechanism through a swivel joint to ensure an even
diaphragm under pressure.
clamping pressure.
3.1.2 grain cracking—the appearance of cracks on the
5.3 Lower Clamping Surface—The lower clamping surface
surface of the leather as the leather is extended over a
(diaphragmplate)shallbe0.219 60.003in.(5.56 60.08mm)
diaphragm under pressure to form a sphere.
thick and have an opening of 1.240 6 0.01 in. (31.50 6 0.52
4. Significance and Use
mm) in diameter.The circular edges of the openings that come
incontactwiththespecimenandtherubberdiaphragmshallbe
4.1 The test method is designed to measure the force
rounded to a radius of not over 0.025 in. (0.64 mm) to prevent
required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic
any cutting action. During the test, the circular edges of the
pressure on a diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the
openings in the two clamping plates shall be substantially
concentric with no overlapping of any point.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leather
5.4 Diaphragm, of rubber, 0.034 6 0.002 in. (0.86 6 0.05
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This test
mm) thick, clamped under the lower clamping plate so that,
method was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn.
(Standard Method E58–1965).
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
approved in 1963 as D2210–63T. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as
3
D2210–00(2004). DOI: 10.1520/D2210-00R08. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or is B. F. Perkins, 939 Chicopee St., Chicopee, MA 01013-2797, [phone]. If
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
the ASTM website. responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2210–00(Reapproved 2004) Designation:D2210–00(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
1
Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the extension of
the leather. It is limited to light leathers such as shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to
wet blue.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
D 1813 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather Test Specimens
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 extension—the amount of stretch of leather over the diaphragm under pressure.
3.1.2 grain cracking—the appearance of cracks on the surface of the leather as the leather is extended over a diaphragm under
pressure to form a sphere.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The test method is designed to measure the force required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic pressure on a
diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the flesh side of the specimen to form a sphere. The cracking of the grain is a result of
failure under elongation or stretch. The elongation or stretch of the leather can be measured at different loads or at the failure of
the grain to determine if the stress leather will withstand under lasting conditions. Cuts, scratches, and other defects will cause
considerable variation in the results by concentration of the applied force to the weak points. This test method is excellent for
manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting property of leather. This test method may not
apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
5. Apparatus
3
5.1 Testing Machine, as shown in Fig. 1. The machine shall be hand- or power-driven. The machine shall hold the specimen
firmly, without slippage, between two annular, plane, unpolished (matte) surfaces that may have fine, spiral tool marks not over
0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in depth.
5.2 Upper Clamping Surface—The upper clamping surface (clamping ring) shall have a circular opening 1.240 6 0.010 in.
(31.50 6 0.25 mm) in diameter and shall be connected to the clamping mechanism through a swivel joint to ensure an even
clamping pressure.
5.3 Lower Clamping Surface—The lower clamping surface (diaphragm plate) shall be 0.219 6 0.003 in. (5.56 6 0.08 mm)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This test method
was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn. (Standard Method E 58 – 1965).
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004.2008. Published September 2004.December 2008. Originally approved in 1963 as D 2210 – 63T. Last previous edition approved
in 20002004 as D 2210 – 00(2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is B. F. Perkins, 939 Chicopee St., Chicopee, MA 01013-2797, [phone]. If you
are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2210–00 (2008)
FIG. 1 Mullen Tester, Model A
thick and have an opening of 1.240 6 0.01 in. (31.50
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2210–93 (Reapproved 1997) Designation:D2210–00(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
1
Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the extension of
the leather. It is limited to light leathers such as shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to
wet blue.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
D 1813 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather Test Specimens
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 extension—the amount of stretch of leather over the diaphragm under pressure.
3.1.2 grain cracking—the appearance of cracks on the surface of the leather as the leather is extended over a diaphragm under
pressure to form a sphere.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The test method is designed to measure the force required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic pressure on a
diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the flesh side of the specimen to form a sphere. The cracking of the grain is a result of
failure under elongation or stretch. The elongation or stretch of the leather can be measured at different loads or at the failure of
the grain to determine if the stress leather will withstand under lasting conditions. Cuts, scratches, and other defects will cause
considerable variation in the results by concentration of the applied force to the weak points. This test method is excellent for
manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting property of leather.This test method may not
apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
5. Apparatus
3
5.1 Testing Machine, as shown in Fig. 1. The machine shall be hand- or power-driven. The machine shall hold the specimen
firmly, without slippage, between two annular, plane, unpolished (matte) surfaces that may have fine, spiral tool marks not over
0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in depth.
5.2 Upper Clamping Surface—The upper clamping surface (clamping ring) shall have a circular opening 1.240 6 0.010 in.
(31.50 6 0.25 mm) in diameter and shall be connected to the clamping mechanism through a swivel joint to ensure an even
clamping pressure.
5.3 Lower Clamping Surface—The lower clamping surface (diaphragm plate) shall be 0.219 6 0.003 in. (5.56 6 0.08 mm)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-31D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.03 on Footwear. This test
method was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn. (Standard Method E 58 – 1965).
Current edition approved July 15, 1993.Sept. 1, 2008. Published September 1993.December 2008. Originally published approved in 1963 as D 2210 – 63T. Last previous
1
edition D2210–89´ . approved in 2004 as D 2210 – 00(2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 15.04.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is B. F. Perkins, 939 Chicopee St., Chicopee, MA 01013-2797, [phone]. If you
are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2210–00 (2008)
FIG. 1 Mullen Tester, Model A
thick a
...