ASTM C1773-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Monotonic Axial Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubular Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature
Standard Test Method for Monotonic Axial Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubular Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides information on the uniaxial tensile properties and tensile stress-strain response of a ceramic composite tube—tensile strength and strain, fracture strength and strain, proportional limit stress and strain, tensile elastic modulus, etc. The information may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.
5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCC) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) reinforcements in a fine grain-sized ((1, 2)3
5.3 CFCC components have a distinctive and synergistic combination of material properties, interface coatings, porosity control, composite architecture (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D), and geometric shape that are generally inseparable. Prediction of the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with braid and 3-D weave architectures) cannot be made by applying measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of tubes. Direct uniaxial tensile strength tests of CFCC tubes are needed to provide reliable information on the mechanical behavior and strength of tube geometries.
5.4 CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process, unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw. The tensile behavior and strength of a CFCC are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, and any damage accumulation processes. These factors are affected by the composite material composition and variability in material and testing—components, reinforcement architecture and volume fraction, porosity content, matrix morphology, interface morphology, methods of material fabrication, test specimen preparation and conditioning, and surface condition.
5.5 The results of tensile tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the axial tensile strength and stress-strain response of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic composite tubes at ambient temperature under monotonic loading. This test method is specific to tube geometries, because fiber architecture and specimen geometry factors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, as compared to flat plates.
1.2 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with a defined gage section and a known wall thickness is fitted/bonded into a loading fixture. The test specimen/fixture assembly is mounted in the testing machine and monotonically loaded in uniaxial tension at ambient temperature while recording the tensile force and the strain in the gage section. The axial tensile strength and the fracture strength are determined from the maximum applied force and the fracture force. The strains, the proportional limit stress, and the tensile modulus of elasticity are determined from the stress-strain data.
1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: uni-directional (1-D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bi-directional (2-D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tri-directional (3-D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix composites are composed of a wide range of ceramic fibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other compositions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic matrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite, and other compositions).
1.4 This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.
1.5 The test method describes a range of test specimen tube geometries based on past tensile testing of ceramic composite tubes. These geometries are applicable to tubes with ou...
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Designation: C1773 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Monotonic Axial Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-
Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubular Test Specimens at
Ambient Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1773; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope tubes. These geometries are applicable to tubes with outer
diametersof10to150mmandwallthicknessesof1to25mm,
1.1 This test method determines the axial tensile strength
where the ratio of the outer diameter-to-wall thickness (d /t)
O
and stress-strain response of continuous fiber-reinforced ad-
is typically between 5 and 30.
vanced ceramic composite tubes at ambient temperature under
monotonic loading. This test method is specific to tube 1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperature
geometries, because fiber architecture and specimen geometry
testing. Elevated temperature testing requires high temperature
factors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, as
furnaces and heating devices with temperature control and
compared to flat plates.
measurement systems and temperature-capable grips and load-
ing fixtures, which are not addressed in this test standard.
1.2 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with a
defined gage section and a known wall thickness is fitted/
1.6 The test method addresses test equipment, gripping
bondedintoaloadingfixture.Thetestspecimen/fixtureassem-
methods, testing modes, allowable bending stresses,
bly is mounted in the testing machine and monotonically
interferences, tubular test specimen geometries, test specimen
loadedinuniaxialtensionatambienttemperaturewhilerecord-
preparation, test procedures, data collection, calculation, re-
ingthetensileforceandthestraininthegagesection.Theaxial
porting requirements, and precision/bias in the following
tensile strength and the fracture strength are determined from
sections.
the maximum applied force and the fracture force.The strains,
Section
the proportional limit stress, and the tensile modulus of
Scope 1
elasticity are determined from the stress-strain data.
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic
Summary of Test Method 4
matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement:
Significance and Use 5
Interferences 6
uni-directional (1-D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bi-
Apparatus 7
directional (2-D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tri-
Hazards 8
directional (3-D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic
Test Specimens 9
Test Procedure 10
matrix composites are composed of a wide range of ceramic
Calculation of Results 11
fibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other composi-
Report 12
tions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic
Precision and Bias 13
Keywords 14
matrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite,
Annexes
and other compositions).
Interferences Annex A1
Test Specimen Geometry Annex A2
1.4 Thistestmethoddoesnotdirectlyaddressdiscontinuous
Grip Fixtures and Load Train Couplers Annex A3
fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced or particulate-reinforced
Allowable Bending and Load Train Alignment Annex A4
ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be Test Modes and Rates Annex A5
equally applicable to these composites.
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
1.5 The test method describes a range of test specimen tube
as standard.
geometries based on past tensile testing of ceramic composite
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Ceramic Matrix Composites.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2013. Published April 2013. DOI: 10.1520/
C1773-13. tionary statements are given in Section 8.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1773 − 13
2. Referenced Documents whilethesecondarycomponent/s(reinforcingcomponent)may
2 be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal or organic in nature.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
These components are combined on a macroscale to form a
C1145Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
useful engineering material possessing certain properties or
C1239Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
behavior not possessed by the individual constituents. C1145
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced
Ceramics 3.1.6 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite
C1273Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic (CFCC), n—aceramicmatrixcompositeinwhichthereinforc-
Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures ing phase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or a
C1557TestMethodforTensileStrengthandYoung’sModu- woven fabric. C1145
lus of Fibers
3.1.7 fracture (breaking) force, P ,n—the force at
fracture
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
which the test specimen ruptures, breaking into two or more
D5450Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of
pieces.
Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders
3.1.8 fracture strength, S,n—the tensile stress at which the
f
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
test specimen ruptures, breaking into two or more pieces or
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
where the applied force drops off significantly. Typically, a 10
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
% force drop off is considered significant.
someter Systems
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
3.1.9 gage length, l ,n—the original length of that portion
O
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a of the test specimen over which strain or change of length is
Lot or Process
determined. E6
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
3.1.10 matrix-cracking stress, n—the applied tensile stress
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
at which the matrix in the composite cracks into a series of
E337Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
roughly parallel blocks normal to the tensile stress.
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
peratures) 3.1.10.1 Discussion—In some cases, the matrix cracking
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to stress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by deviation
Determine the Precision of a Test Method from linearity (proportional limit) or incremental drops in the
E1012Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci- stress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially with
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial materials which do not possess a linear portion of the stress-
Force Application strain curve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as the
first stress at which a permanent offset strain is detected in the
3. Terminology
unloading stress-strain (elastic limit).
3.1.11 modulus of elasticity, E, n—the ratio of stress to
3.1 Definitions:
corresponding strains below the proportional limit. E6
3.1.1 Pertinent definitions, as listed in Terminology C1145,
Practice E1012,Terminology D3878, andTerminology E6, are
3.1.12 modulus of resilience, U,n—strain energy per unit
r
shown in the following with the appropriate source in bold
volume required to elastically stress the material from zero to
type. Additional terms used in conjunction with this test
the proportional limit indicating the ability of the material to
method are defined in the following:
absorb energy when deformed elastically and return it when
3.1.2 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high per-
unloaded.
formance predominantly nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic ma-
3.1.13 modulus of toughness, U,n—strain energy per unit
t
terial having specific functional attributes. C1145
volume required to stress the material from zero to final
3.1.3 axial strain, n—the average of the longitudinal strains
fracture indicating the ability of the material to absorb energy
measured at the surface on opposite sides of the longitudinal
beyond the elastic range (that is, damage tolerance of the
axis of symmetry of the test specimen by two strain-sensing
material).
deviceslocatedatthemidlengthofthereducedsection. E1012
3.1.13.1 Discussion—Themodulusoftoughnesscanalsobe
3.1.4 bending strain, n—the difference between the strain at
referred to as the cumulative damage energy and as such is
the surface and the axial strain. In general, the bending strain
regardedasanindicationoftheabilityofthematerialtosustain
variesfrompointtopointaroundandalongthereducedsection
damage rather than as a material property. Fracture mechanics
of the test specimen. E1012
methods for the characterization of CFCCs have not been
3.1.5 ceramic matrix composite, n—a material consisting of
developed. The determination of the modulus of toughness as
two or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which the
provided in this test method for the characterization of the
major,continuouscomponent(matrixcomponent)isaceramic,
cumulative damage process in CFCCs may become obsolete
when fracture mechanics methods for CFCCs become avail-
able.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.14 proportional limit stress, σ ,n—the greatest stress
o
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
that a material is capable of sustaining without any deviation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. from proportionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law). E6
C1773 − 13
3.1.14.1 Discussion—Many experiments have shown that typically applicable to tubes with outer diameters of 10 to 150
valuesobservedfortheproportionallimitvarygreatlywiththe mm and wall thicknesses of 1 to 25 mm, where the ratio of the
sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, eccentricity outer diameter-to-wall thickness (d /t) is between 5 and 30.
O
of loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram is
5. Significance and Use
plotted, and other factors. When determination of proportional
limit stress is required, the procedure and sensitivity of the test
5.1 This test method provides information on the uniaxial
equipment should be specified.
tensilepropertiesandtensilestress-strainresponseofaceramic
3.1.15 percent bending, n—the bending strain times 100
composite tube—tensile strength and strain, fracture strength
divided by the axial strain. E1012
and strain, proportional limit stress and strain, tensile elastic
3.1.16 slow crack growth, n—subcritical crack growth (ex- modulus, etc. The information may be used for material
tension) which may result from, but is not restricted to, such development, material comparison, quality assurance,
mechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion or characterization, and design data generation.
diffusive crack growth. C1145
5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites
3.1.17 stress corrosion, n—environmentally induced degra-
(CFCC) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional
dationthatresultsintheformationandgrowthofcracksand/or (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) reinforcements in a fine grain-sized (<50
damage in glasses and many ceramics when subjected to the
micron) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Often these
combined action of a corroding agent and stress. C1145 composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 microns)
interface coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and
3.1.17.1 Discussion—Such environmental effects com-
fiber pull-out. These ceramic composites offer high tempera-
monlyincludetheactionofmoisture,aswellasothercorrosive
ture stability, inherent damage tolerance, and high degrees of
species, often with strong temperature dependence.
wearandcorrosionresistance.Assuch,theseceramiccompos-
3.1.18 tensile strength, S ,n—the maximum tensile stress
u
ites are particularly suited for aerospace and high temperature
which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength is
structural applications. (1, 2)
calculated from the maximum force during a tension test
5.3 CFCC components have a distinctive and synergistic
carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of the
combinationofmaterialproperties,interfacecoatings,porosity
test specimen. E6
control, composite architecture (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D), and
3.1.19 tow, n—in fibrous composites, a continuous, ordered
geometric shape that are generally inseparable. Prediction of
assemblyofessentiallyparallel,collimatedfilaments,normally
the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with
without twist and of continuous filaments. D3878
braid and 3-D weave architectures) cannot be made by apply-
3.1.20 uniaxial tension, n—the application of tensile force
ingmeasuredpropertiesfromflatCFCCplatestothedesignof
coaxially with the long dimension of the test specimen.
tubes. Direct uniaxial tensile strength tests of CFCC tubes are
needed to provide reliable information on the mechanical
4. Summary of Test Method
behavior and strength of tube geometries.
4.1 This test method involves the testing of a ceramic
5.4 CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a
composite tube/cylinder with a known wall thickness in
cumulative damage process, unlike monolithic advanced ce-
monotonic uniaxial tension at ambient temperature. The pre-
ramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant
paredtestspecimenwithadefinedgagesectionisfitted/bonded
flaw. The tensile behavior and strength of a CFCC are
intoaloadingfixtureandthetestspecimen/fixtureassemblyis
dependentonitsinherentresistancetofracture,thepresenceof
mounted in the testing machine.The test specimen is loaded in
flaws, and any damage accumulation processes. These factors
axial tension while recording the applied force and resulting
are affected by the composite material composition and vari-
strain. The axial tensile strength S and the fracture strength S
u f ability in material and testing—components, reinforcement
are determined from the maximum applied force and the
architecture and volume fraction, porosity content, matrix
fracture force. The axial strains, the proportional limit stress,
morphology, interface morphology, methods of material
and the tensile modulus of elasticity are determined from the
fabrication, test specimen preparation a
...
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