ASTM D5195-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface by Nuclear Methods
Standard Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface by Nuclear Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for the calculation of the in-place density of soil and rock at desired depths below the surface as opposed to surface measurements in accordance with Test Method D6938. Alternative destructive methods are likewise described in this test method.
5.2 This test method is useful for informational and research purposes, only to be used for quality control and acceptance testing when correlated to other accepted methods such as Test Method D2937.
5.3 The non-destructive nature of the test method allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location for statistical analysis and to monitor changes over time.
5.4 The fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption are the dominant interactions of the gamma rays with the material under test.
5.5 The probe response, in counts, may be converted to wet density by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data (see Annex A1).
5.6 The probe count response may also be utilized directly for unitless, relative comparison with other probe readings
5.6.1 For materials of densities higher than that of about the density of water, higher count rates within the same soil type relate to lower densities and, conversely, lower count rates within the same soil type relate to higher densities.
5.6.2 For materials of densities lower than the density of water, higher count rates within the same soil type relate to higher densities and, conversely, lower count rates within the same soil type relate to lower densities.
5.6.3 Because of the functional inflection of probe response for densities near the density of water, exercise great care when drawing conclusions from probe response in this density range.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the wet density of soil and rock by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the gamma source and the gamma detector are placed at the desired depth in a bored hole, typically lined by an access tube.
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 6, “Interference.”
1.2 The wet density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data (see Annex A1).
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Within the text of this standard, SI units appear first followed by the inch-pound (or other non-SI) units in brackets.
1.3.1 Reporting the test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety conce...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5195 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface
1
by Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the wet
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
density of soil and rock by the attenuation of gamma radiation,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
where the gamma source and the gamma detector are placed at
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the desired depth in a bored hole, typically lined by an access
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8,
tube.
“Hazards.”
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 6, “Interference.”
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2 The wet density, in mass per unit volume of the material
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
under test, is calculated by comparing the detected rate of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
gamma radiation with previously established calibration data
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(see Annex A1).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- 2. Referenced Documents
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
from the two systems shall not be combined.Within the text of
Fluids
this standard, SI units appear first followed by the inch-pound
D1452/D1452M Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling
(or other non-SI) units in brackets. 3
by Auger Borings
1.3.1 Reporting the test results in units other than SI shall
D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
Rock for Site Exploration
D6026. D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected,
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the D2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
Drive-Cylinder Method
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce- D3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Test-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
ing of Soils
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider- D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be Used in Engineering Design and Construction
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis ing
methods for engineering design. D5220/D5220M Test Method for Water Mass per Unit
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
2
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Construction Control Tests. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ɛ1
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D5195 – 14 . DOI: the ASTM website.
3
10.1520/D5195-21. Replace with continuous flight and hollowstream methods when available.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D5195 − 14 D5195 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Density of Soil and Rock In-Place at Depths Below Surface
1
by Nuclear Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected units of measurement statement in June 2021.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the calculation of the wet density of soil and rock by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the
gamma source and the gamma detector are placed at the desired depth in a bored hole hole, typically lined by an access tube.
1.1.1 For limitations see Section 56 on Interference., “Interference.”
1.2 The wet density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma
radiation with previously established calibration data (see Annex A1).
1.3 A precision statement has not been developed for this standard at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for
acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes unless correlated to other accepted ASTM standards.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values
givenstated in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.each system are not necessarily exact
equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values
from the two systems shall not be combined. Within the text of this standard, SI units appear first followed by the inch-pound (or
other non-SI) units in brackets.
1.3.1 Reporting the test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 78, “Hazards.”
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and Construction
Control Tests.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014Sept. 1, 2021. Published August 2014October 2021. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20082014 as
ɛ1
D5195 – 08.D5195 – 14 . DOI: 10.1520/D5195-14E01.10.1520/D5195-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D5195 − 21
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3
D1452/D1452M Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger Borings
D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of Rock for Site Exploration
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory De
...
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