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ASTM E1486-98

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria

Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces, elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness indices using the inch-pound system of units.  Note 1-This test method is the companion to SI Test Method E1486M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this test method. Note 2-This test method was not developed for, and does not apply to, clay or concrete paver units.
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
1.1.1.1 Survey line waviness and surface waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut through any points in the concrete surface higher than the chords.
1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by either of the following methods: the conformance of elevation data to the test section elevation data mean or the conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for each survey line.
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and down (-), respectively, from the imaginary chords.
1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method. Appendix X2 provides a computer program for waviness index calculations based on this test method.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1998
ICS
91.060.30 - Ceilings. Floors. Stairs
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Drafting Committee
E06.21 - Serviceability
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1486-98(2004) - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1486M-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria (Metric)
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM F710-22 - Standard Practice for Preparing Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Flooring
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998

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ASTM E1486-98 - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness CriteriaASTM E1486-98 - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
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ASTM E1486-98 - Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1486 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path
and Levelness Criteria
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis
procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by
2. Referenced Document
calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness
E 1486M Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances
indices using the inch-pound system of units.
Using Waviness, Wheel Path, and Levelness Criteria (Met-
NOTE 1—This test method is the companion to SI Test Method
ric)
E 1486M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this test method.
NOTE 2—This test method was not developed for, and does not apply
3. Terminology
to, clay or concrete paver units.
3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user
3.1.1 Waviness Index Terms:
with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
3.1.1.1 chord length—the length of an imaginary straight-
1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface
edge (chord) joining the two end points at j and j+2k. This
waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the
length is equal to 2 ks (see Fig. 1) where the survey spacing s
midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor
is equal to 1 ft and where k is equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to define
elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are
chord lengths of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ft, respectively, unless values
always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut
for s and k are otherwise stated.
through any points in the concrete surface higher than the
3.1.1.2 deviation (D )—the vertical distance between the
kj
chords.
surface and the mid-point, j+ks, of a chord of length 2ks whose
1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and
end points are in contact with the surface.
longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation differ-
3.1.1.3 length adjusted RMS deviation (LAD )—calculated
k
ence, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
for a reference length L of 10 ft, unless otherwise stated, in
r
1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by ei-
order to obtain deviations that are independent of the various
ther of the following methods: the conformance of elevation
chord lengths, 2ks.
data to the test section elevation data mean or the conformance
3.1.1.4 waviness—the relative degree to which a survey line
of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for
deviates from a straight line.
each survey line.
3.1.2 defined wheel path traffıc—traffic on surfaces, or
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are
specifically identifiable portions thereof, intended for defined
RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives
linear traffic by vehicles, with two primary axles and four
equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and
primary load wheel contact points on the floor and with
down (−), respectively, from the imaginary chords.
corresponding front and rear primary wheels in approximately
1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method.
the same wheel paths.
Appendix X2 provides a computer program for waviness index
3.1.3 levelness—described in two ways: the conformance of
calculations based on this test method.
surface elevation data to the mean elevation of a test section
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(elevation conformance) and as the conformance of survey line
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
slope to a specified slope (RMS levelness).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3.1 elevation conformance—the percentage of surface
elevation data, h , that lie within the tolerance specified from
i
the mean elevation of a test section. The absolute value of the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-6 on
distance of all points, h , from the test section data mean is
i
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.21
on Serviceability.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1998. Published November 1998. Originally
published as E 1486 – 94. Last previous edition E 1486 – 94. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1486
imax 5 total number of survey points along one of
Lx
the pair of survey lines, Lx, representing the
wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic.
j 5 designation of the location of the survey
point which is the initial point for a devia-
tion calculation (j 5 1, 2, 3 . . . jmax ).
k
jmax 5 total number of deviation calculations with
k
a chord length 2ks along a survey line.
k 5 number of spaces of length s between the
FIG. 1 Explanation of Symbols
survey points used for deviation calcula-
tions.
kmax 5 maximum number (rounded down to an
L
tested against the specification, dmax. Passing values are
integer) of spaces of length s that can be
counted, and that total is divided by the aggregate quantity of
used for deviation calculations for imax
L
elevation data points for the test section, and percent passing is
survey points (kmax 5 5 unless otherwise
L
reported.
specified).
3.1.3.2 RMS levelness—directionally dependent calculation
L 5 designation of survey lines (L 5 1, 2, 3 . . .
of the RMS of the slopes of the least squares fit line through
Lmax).
successive 15-ft long sections of a survey line, L. The RMS
LAD 5 length-adjusted RMS deviation based on
k
LV is compared with the specified surface slope and specified
L
points spaced at ks and a reference length of
maximum deviation to determine compliance.
L .
r
3.1.4 Symbols:
Lg 5 total number of survey spaces between
primary axles of a vehicle used as the basis
for longitudinal analysis of each pair of
A 5 area of test section, ft .
survey lines representing the wheel paths of
d 5 point i, of the (15/s + 1) point subset of
defined wheel path traffic. Lg equals the
i 51to imax, where d is a point within the
integer result of the primary axle spacing,
(15/s + 1) point subset, used to evaluate
ft, divided by s.
RMS levelness.
Lmax 5 the number of survey lines on the test
dh 5 number of elevation data points of survey
L
surface.
line, L, which lie within the maximum
L 5 a reference length of 120 in., the length to
allowable deviation from the test section r
which the RMS deviations, RMS D , from
elevation data mean, dmax. k
chord lengths other than 120 in. are ad-
D 5 deviation from chord midpoint, j+k, to the
kj
justed.
survey line, in.
LD 5 longitudinal elevation difference between
dmax 5 specified maximum allowable deviation
i
corresponding pairs of points separated by
from the test section elevation data mean.
Lg of defined wheel paths, mm (i 5 1, 2, 3
EC 5 the percentage of elevation data within a
. . . (imax − Lg)).
test section complying to a specified maxi-
L
LDC 5 incremental change in longitudinal eleva-
mum deviation, dmax, from the mean of all i
tion difference, LD along defined wheel
elevation data points within a test section.
i
path traffic wheel paths, in./ft (i 5 1, 2, 3
EC 5 the percentage compliance of each survey
L
line to a specified maximum deviation, . . . (imax −Lg− 1)).
L
Lx 5 designation of the pair of survey lines used
dmax, from the mean of all elevation data
for defined wheel path traffic analysis.
points within a test section.
mh 5 mean elevation of each 15–ft section of
h 5 elevation of the points along the survey
d
i
survey line, L, mm (d 5 1, 2, 3 . . .
line, in.
(imax − 15/s)).
ha 5 elevation of the points along the survey line
i L
ms 5 mean slope of the least squares fit line of
of the left wheel path of defined wheel path d
each 15–ft section of survey line, L, in./ft
traffic, in.
(d 5 1, 2, 3 . . . (imax − 15/s)).
hb 5 elevation of the points along the survey line
L
i
n 5 total number of calculated deviations for
of the right wheel path of defined wheel
L
survey line L (equal to the sum of the values
path traffic, in.
i 5 designation of the location of survey points of jmax for all values of k that are used).
k
The symbol n is a weighting factor used in
along a survey line (i 5 1, 2, 3 . . . imax ).
L L
imax 5 total number of survey points along a sur- calculating both the waviness and surface
L
vey line. waviness indices.
E 1486
4.1.3.1 mh 5 mean elevation of survey line, L, calculated
RMS D 5 root mean square of chord midpoint offset
L
k
for use only in calculating mh (see Eq 15).
deviations, D , based on points spaced at TS
kj
4.1.3.2 mh 5 mean elevation of a test section, calculated
ks.
TS
for use only in calculating dh (see Eq 16).
RMS LD 5 root mean square of longitudinal elevation
Lx L
differences, LD , on paired wheel path sur- 4.1.3.3 dh 5 number of elevation data points of survey
L
i
vey lines for defined wheel path traffic, with line, L, passing the specification, dmax, used for calculating
primary axles separated by L , in. both EC and EC (see Eq 17 and 18).
L
g
RMS TD 5 root mean square of transverse elevation
4.1.3.4 EC 5 percentage of elevation data points on survey
Lx
L
differences, TD , on paired wheel path sur-
line, L, that comply with dmax (see Eq 19).
i
vey lines for defined wheel path traffic, in.
4.1.3.5 EC 5 percentage of elevation data points within a
RMS LV 5 RMS levelness, calculated as the root mean
L test section complying with dmax (see Eq 20).
square slope of each survey line, L, in./ft.
4.1.3.6 mh 5 mean elevation of each 15-ft section of
d
s 5 spacing between adjacent survey points
survey line, L, calculated for use only in calculating RMS LV
L
along a survey line (1 ft unless a smaller
(see Eq 21).
value is stated), ft.
4.1.3.7 ms 5 mean slope of the least squares fit line of each
d
SWI 5 surface waviness index determined by com-
15-ft section of survey line, L, calculated for use only in
bining the waviness indices of all the sur-
calculating RMS LV (see Eq 22).
L
vey lines on the test surface, in.
4.1.3.8 RMS LV 5 RMS of least squares fit 15-ft slopes
L
TD 5 transverse elevation difference between
i
(see Eq 23).
corresponding points of defined wheel path
4.2 Waviness Index—Chord Length Range:
traffic wheel paths, in.(i 5 1, 2, 3 .
4.2.1 Unless a different range is specified, the waviness
imax ).
Lx
index, WI , shall be calculated for a 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-ft
L
TDC 5 incremental change in transverse elevation
i
chord length range.
difference, TD along defined wheel path
i
4.2.2 The chord length, 2ks, is limited by the total number of
traffic wheel paths, in./ft (i 5 1, 2, 3 .
survey points along a survey line. To ensure that the elevation
(imax − 1)).
Lx
of every survey point is included in the deviation calculation
WI 5 waviness index for survey line L with chord
L
that uses the largest value of k, the maximum value of k, called
length range from 2.0 to 10 ft unless a
kmax , is determined by:
L
different range is stated, in.
3.2 Sign Convention—Up is the positive direction; conse-
kmax 5 imax /3 ~rounded down to an integer! (1)
L L
quently, the higher the survey point, the larger its h value.
i
4.2.3 Reduce the maximum chord length so that 2(kmax )s
L
is approximately equal to the maximum length that is of
4. Summary of Test Method
concern to the user.
4.1 Equations—Equations are provided to determine the
NOTE 3—For longer survey lines, kmax , which is determined using Eq
L
following characteristics:
1, permits the use of chord lengths 2ks longer than those of interest or
4.1.1 Waviness Index Equations:
concern to the floor user.
4.1.1.1 RMS D 5 RMS deviation (see Eq 4).
k
4.2.4 The maximum chord length for suspended floor slabs
4.1.1.2 LAD 5 length-adjusted deviation (see Eq 5).
k
shall be 4 ft, unless the slab has been placed without camber
4.1.1.3 WI 5 waviness index (see Eq 6 and 7).
L
and the shoring remains in place.
4.1.1.4 SWI 5 surface waviness index (see Eq 8).
4.3 Waviness Index—Maximum Number of Deviation Mea-
4.1.1.5 |D | 5 absolute value of the length adjusted devia-
kj
surements per Chord Length:
tion (see Eq 24).
4.3.1 As the values of k are increased from 1 to kmax , the
4.1.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffıc Equations:
L
4.1.2.1 TD 5 transverse elevation difference between the number of deviation calculations decreases.
i
wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 9).
jmax 5 imax 2 2k (2)
k L
4.1.2.2 TDC 5 transverse change in elevation difference
i
4.4 Waviness Index—Deviation:
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 10).
4.4.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the deviation, D , is
kj
4.1.2.3 RMS TD 5 RMS transverse elevation difference
Lx
between wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see Eq 11).
D 5 h 2 ~h 1 h ! in. (3)
kj j1k j j12k
4.1.2.4 LD 5 longitudinal elevation difference between
i
front and rear axles on wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic
4.5 Waviness Index—RMS Deviation:
(see Eq 12).
4.5.1 RMS D is calculated for each chord length using all
k
4.1.2.5 LDC 5 Longitudinal change in elevation difference
i points along the survey line.
between front and rear axles on wheel paths of defined wheel
jmax
k
path traffic (see Eq 13). 2
D
( kj
i51
4.1.2.6 RMS LD 5 RMS longitudinal elevation difference ˛
Lx
RMS D 5 in. (4)
k
jmax
k
between axles on wheel paths of defined wheel path traffic (see
Eq 14). 4.6 Waviness Index—Length-Adjusted Deviations: LAD is
k
4.1.3 Levelness Equations: calculated for a reference length, L , using Eq 5.
r
E 1486
~imax 2Lg!
Lx
jmax
k
L
r
LD
( i
D
(
F kjG
i51
2ks
i51 ˛
RMS LD 5 in. (14)
Lx
~imax 2 Lg!
LAD 5 in. (5)
! Lx
k
jmax
k
4.10 Calculations for Elevation Conformance:
4.7 Waviness Index— The values of LAD obtained for each
k
4.10.1 Mean Elevation of Survey Line—mh is calculated
L
value of k shall be combined with other LAD values for each
for survey line, L, using Eq 15.
line L by weighing the values in proportion to jmax to obtain
k
imax
L
the waviness index, WI .
L
h
( i
i51
kmax
L ˛
mh 5 in. (15)
2 L
imax
~jmax LAD !
L
( k k
k51
˛
WI 5 in. (6)
L 4.10.2 Mean Elevation of a Test Section—mh is calculated
n TS
L
for a test section using Eq 16.
where
Lmax
L
kmax
L
mh
(
L
n 5 jmax (7)
L
...

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11  
Testing Roofs  
Transverse Load  
12  
Concentrated Load  
13  
1.2 This test method serves to evaluate the performance of floors and roofs panels subjected to (1) Uniform loading, and (2) Concentrated static loading, which represent conditions sustained in the actual performance of the element. The standard is not intended for the evaluation of individual structural framing or supporting members (floor joist, rafters, and trusses), or both.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard is not intended to cover concrete floor slabs.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1486-14(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Floor Tolerances Using Waviness, Wheel Path and Levelness Criteria

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides statistical and graphical information concerning floor surface profiles.  
5.2 Results of this test method are for the purpose of:  
5.2.1 Establishing compliance of random or fixed-path trafficked floor surfaces with specified tolerances,  
5.2.2 Evaluating the effect of different construction methods on the waviness of the resulting floor surface,  
5.2.3 Investigating the curling and deflection of concrete floor surfaces,  
5.2.4 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the profile characteristics of other surfaces, and  
5.2.5 Establishing, evaluating, and investigating the levelness characteristics of surfaces.  
5.3 Application:  
5.3.1 Random Traffic—When the traffic patterns across a floor are not fixed, two sets of survey lines, approximately equally spaced and at right angles to each other, shall be used. The survey lines shall be spaced across the test section to produce lines of approximately equal total length, both parallel to and perpendicular to the longest test section boundary. Limits are specified in 7.2.2 and 7.3.2.  
5.3.2 Defined Wheel Path Traffic—For surfaces primarily intended for defined wheel path traffic, only two wheel paths and the initial transverse elevation difference (“side-to-side”) between wheels shall be surveyed.  
5.3.3 Time of Measurement—For new concrete floor construction, the elevation measurements shall be made within 72 h of final concrete finishing. For existing structures, measurements shall be taken as appropriate.  
5.3.4 Elevation Conformance—Use is restricted to shored, suspended surfaces.  
5.3.5 RMS Levelness—Use is unrestricted, except that it is excluded from use with cambered surfaces and unshored, elevated surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers data collection and analysis procedures to determine surface flatness and levelness by calculating waviness indices for survey lines and surfaces, elevation differences of defined wheel paths, and levelness indices using the inch-pound system of units.
Note 1: This test method is the companion to SI Test Method E1486M; therefore, no SI equivalents are shown in this test method.
Note 2: This test method was not developed for, and does not apply to, clay or concrete paver units.  
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide the user with floor tolerance estimates as follows:
1.1.1.1 Local survey line waviness and overall surface waviness indices for floors based on deviations from the midpoints of imaginary chords as they are moved along a floor elevation profile survey line. End points of the chords are always in contact with the surface. The imaginary chords cut through any points in the concrete surface higher than the chords.
1.1.1.2 Defined wheel path criteria based on transverse and longitudinal elevation differences, change in elevation difference, and root mean square (RMS) elevation difference.
1.1.1.3 Levelness criteria for surfaces characterized by either of the following methods: the conformance of elevation data to the test section elevation data mean or the conformance of the RMS slope of each survey line to a specified slope for each survey line.  
1.1.2 The averages used throughout these calculations are RMS (that is, the quadratic means). This test method gives equal importance to humps and dips, measured up (+) and down (−), respectively, from the imaginary chords.  
1.1.3 Appendix X1 is a commentary on this test method. Appendix X2 provides a computer program for waviness index calculations based on this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicab...

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ASTM E3118/E3118M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods to Evaluate Seismic Performance of Suspended Ceiling Systems by Full-Scale Dynamic Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test protocol evaluates those complex suspended ceiling systems that cannot be assessed by simple engineering calculations contained in ASCE/SEI 7 and Practice E580/E580M. It is not intended to replace the requirements in ASCE/SEI 7. Suspended ceiling systems are considered nonstructural components of buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods help evaluate the performance of a full-scale suspended ceiling system during a seismic event using a dynamic seismic simulator (shake table).  
1.2 These full-scale procedures are not the only available procedures for evaluating the seismic performance of ceiling systems. These tests do not preclude the use of other small-scale or full-scale component or system testing.  
1.3 These test methods contain two independent procedures.  
1.3.1 Comparative method where the level of performance of an experimental system is compared to that of a control test system under the same set of conditions.  
1.3.2 Non-comparative method where a single test is conducted to establish the level of performance of an experimental system.  
1.4 These test procedures are valid and useful for all types of suspended ceiling systems.  
1.5 The text of this standard uses notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E935-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Performance of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to provide information from which applicable design and performance data can be derived for the performance of metal railing systems and rails installed and fastened to structural elements of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
4.2 These test methods may be used to determine whether railing systems comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications.  
4.3 These test methods are intended for use in the buying and selling of railing systems and components according to performance specifications, for use in product development research, for use in quality assurance and manufacturing process control, for use in developing performance standards, and for use in field and laboratory compliance determination. Typical floor-mounted railings are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Front Views of Sections of Three Typical Railing Systems
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), including components such as rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection, installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures, such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components, including swing gates or other forms of guardrail opening protection, made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastic, and glass.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent metal railing systems and rails,2 including components, comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications, such as building codes, or performance standards such as those described in Specification E985, ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, and OSHA 1910.23.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength of metal railing systems, rails and components as structural elements when installed and fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal, as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, and connections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of the loads described herein.  
1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 11.2.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1481-00a(2021)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology consists of terms and definitions pertaining to railing systems and rails for buildings, and in particular, terms related to the standards generated by ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Building Constructions.  
1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of technical terms, written for both the technical expert and the non-expert user.  
1.3 This terminology is one of a group of special terminologies subsidiary to the comprehensive Terminology E631.  
1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order. Where definitions herein are adopted from other sources, they are exact copies. The source is identified at the right margin following the definition and is listed in Section 2.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E196-06(2018)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Gravity Load Testing of Floors and Low Slope Roofs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to be used by parties involved in the testing of floors and roofs of structures either in the field or the laboratory. Tests are either proof tests or tests to failure, and are applicable to all construction materials. The practice is not intended for use in routine quality control testing of individual building elements or constructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers static load testing of floors and low slope roofs (roofs having a slope of less than 1 in 12) under actual or simulated service conditions, and is applicable to typical elements or sections of structures fabricated for test or to actual existing building components. This practice is intended for use in determining the strength and stiffness of elements or sections of floors and roofs of buildings under gravity loads, as well as in checking the design, materials, connections, and the quality of the fabrication of such building constructions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C627-18(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Ceramic Floor Tile Installation Systems Using the Robinson-Type Floor Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a standardized procedure for evaluating performance of ceramic floor tile installations under conditions similar to actual specific usages. It can be used to make comparisons between customary basic installation methods, to establish the influence of minor changes in a particular installation method, and to judge the merit of proposed novel methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of ceramic floor tile installation systems, using the Robinson2-type floor tester.  
1.2 This test method is intended solely for evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems for failure under dynamic loads and not for evaluating particular characteristics of ceramic tile, such as abrasion resistance. This test method does not claim to provide meaningful results for other than evaluating complete ceramic floor tile installation systems.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric (SI) units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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