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ASTM E1211-02

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for noncontact sensors see Test Method E 1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E 1316), and may be used for continuous inservice monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak. This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-2002
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1211-97 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
10-Jul-2002
Replaced By
ASTM E1211-07 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
10-Jul-2002

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ASTM E1211-02 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission SensorsASTM E1211-02 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
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ASTM E1211-02 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1211–02
Standard Practice for
Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted
1
Acoustic Emission Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting
3
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking
2.3 AIA Document:
out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
mounted acoustic emission sensors (for noncontact sensors see
4
Testing Personnel
Test Method E 1002), or sensors attached to the system via
acoustic waveguides (for additional information, seeTerminol-
3. Summary of Practice
ogy E 1316), and may be used for continuous inservice
3.1 This practice requires the use of contact sensors, ampli-
monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure
fier electronics, and equipment to measure their output signal
vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although
levels. The sensors may be mounted before or during the
the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background
examination period and are normally left in place once
noise level, system pressure, and type of leak. This practice is
mounted rather than being moved from point to point.
not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
3.2 Detection of a steady-state leak is based on detection of
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
the continuous, broadband signal generated by the leak flow.
as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
Signal detection is accomplished through measurement of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
some input signal level, such as its root-mean-square (RMS)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
amplitude.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3 The simplest leak test procedure involves only detection
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of leaks, treating each sensor channel individually. A more
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
complex examination requires processing the signal levels
2. Referenced Documents from two or more sensors together to allow computation of the
approximate leak location, based on the principle that the leak
2.1 ASTM Standards:
signal amplitude decreases as a function of distance from the
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
2
source.
Testing
E 650 Guide for Mounting PiezoelectricAcoustic Emission
4. Significance and Use
2
Sensors
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system,
E 750 PracticeforCharacterizingAcousticEmissionInstru-
2 whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening,
mentation
may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates
E 976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcous-
2 acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system
tic Emission Sensor Response
2
pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the
E 1002 Test Method for Leaks Using Ultrasonics
2 pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
suitable acoustic emission sensor.
2.2 ASNT Documents:
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive
to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
3
Acoustic Emission Method. Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originally Plaza, PO Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518.
4
published as E 1211 – 87. Last previous edition E 1211 – 97. Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1211–02
noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is 7. Basic Information
possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the
7.1 The following items must be considered in preparation
structure that m
...

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FIG. 1 IEM Tabletop Testing System Using a Non-Instrumented Impactor
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FIG. 3 Schematic of Impact Excitation Approach
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1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for using the Impulse Excitation Method (IEM) to facilitate natural frequency measurement and detection of defects and material variations in metallic and non-metallic parts. This test method is also known as Impulse Excitation Technique (IET), Acoustic Resonance Testing (ART), ping testing, tap testing, and other names. IEM is listed as a Resonance Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) method. The method applies an impulse load to excite and then record resonance frequencies of a part. These recorded resonance frequencies are compared to a reference population or within subgroups/families of examples of the same part, or modeled frequencies, or both.  
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4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
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1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
1.2 The guide assumes a typical AE examination as one where there is a controlled or measured stress acting upon the part being monitored by AE. Particular emphasis is placed on sensor and system selection, sensor placements, stressing considerations, noise reduction/rejection techniques, spatial filtering, location determination, use of guard sensors, collection of AE data, AE data analysis and report. The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an object under evaluation is withstanding the applied load.  
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Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures require a minimum of special equipment.  
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
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1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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5.1 The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treatments of different lots of material or the assessment of the degradation of materials due to environment.  
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
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1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
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5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
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5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
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1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

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4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
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