ASTM F441/F441M-02(2008)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
ABSTRACT
This specification covers chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) pipes made in Schedule 40 and 80 sizes and pressure-rated for water. These pipes are intended for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which are chemically compatible with the piping materials. Included here are the criteria for classifying CPVC plastic pipe materials and CPVC plastic pipes, a system of nomenclature for CPVC plastic pipes, and requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, sustained pressure, burst pressure, accelerated regression, flattening resistance, and extrusion quality.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) pipe made in Schedule 40 and 80 sizes and pressure-rated for water (see appendix). Included are criteria for classifying CPVC plastic pipe materials and CPVC plastic pipe, a system of nomenclature for CPVC plastic pipe, and requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, sustained pressure, burst pressure, flattening, and extrusion quality. Methods of marking are also given.
Note 1—The CPVC pipe covered by this specification was covered previously in Specification D 1785.
Note 2—The sustained and burst pressure test requirements, and the pressure ratings in the appendix, are calculated from stress values obtained from tests made on pipe 2 in. [50 mm] and smaller. However, tests on larger pipe have shown these stress values to be valid.
1.2 The products covered by this specification are intended for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which are chemically compatible with the piping materials. Due to inherent hazards associated with testing components and systems with compressed air or other compressed gases some manufacturers do not allow pneumatic testing of their products. Consult with specific product/component manufacturers for their specific testing procedures prior to pneumatic testing.
Note 3—Pressurized (compressed) air or other compressed gases contain large amounts of stored energy which present serious saftey hazards should a system fail for any reason.
1.3 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in Note 6.
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An American National Standard
Designation: F 441/F 441M – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe,
Schedules 40 and 80
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 441/F 441M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This
1.1 This specification covers chlorinated poly(vinyl chlo-
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
ride) (CPVC) pipe made in Schedule 40 and 80 sizes and
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
pressure-rated for water (see appendix). Included are criteria
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
for classifying CPVC plastic pipe materials and CPVC plastic
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
pipe, a system of nomenclature for CPVC plastic pipe, and
tions prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given
requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship,
in Note 6.
dimensions, sustained pressure, burst pressure, flattening, and
extrusion quality. Methods of marking are also given.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—The CPVC pipe covered by this specification was covered 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
previously in Specification D 1785.
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
NOTE 2—The sustained and burst pressure test requirements, and the
D 1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe
pressureratingsintheappendix,arecalculatedfromstressvaluesobtained
Under Constant Internal Pressure
from tests made on pipe 2 in. [50 mm] and smaller. However, tests on
D 1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydrau-
larger pipe have shown these stress values to be valid.
lic Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
1.2 The products covered by this specification are intended
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which
Plastics
are chemically compatible with the piping materials. Due to
D 1784 Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
inherent hazards associated with testing components and sys-
Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
tems with compressed air or other compressed gases some
(CPVC) Compounds
manufacturersdonotallowpneumatictestingoftheirproducts.
D 1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plas-
Consult with specific product/component manufacturers for
tic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
their specific testing procedures prior to pneumatic testing.
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
NOTE 3—Pressurized (compressed) air or other compressed gases
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
contain large amounts of stored energy which present serious saftey
D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design
hazards should a system fail for any reason.
Basis forThermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design
1.3 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes,
Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products
and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
notesandfootnotes(excludingthoseintablesandfigures)shall
2.2 Federal Standard:
not be considered as requirements of the specification.
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
2.3 Military Standard:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
2.4 NSF Standards:
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.25 on Vinyl the ASTM website.
Based Pipe. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published February 2009. Originally Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 441 – 02. www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
Standard No. 14 for Plastic Piping Components and Related strength tests and (2) long-term hydrostatic strength tests at
Materials both 73 and 180°F [23 and 82°C].
Standard No. 61 for Drinking Water Systems 5.2 Basic Materials—This specification covers CPVC pipe
Components—Health Effects made from compounds meeting the requirements of Class
23447 as defined in Specification D 1784. The materials shall
3. Terminology
have Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS) listings equal to or
greater than 2000 psi [13.80 MPa] at 73°F [23°C] and 500 psi
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
[3.45 MPa] at 180°F [82°C] when evaluated in accordance
nology F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Ter-
with Test Method D 2837.
minologyD 1600,unlessotherwisespecified.Theabbreviation
for chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) is CPVC.
NOTE 4—Mechanical strength, heat resistance, flammability, and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
chemical resistance properties are covered in Specification D 1784.
3.2.1 hydrostatic design stress—the estimated maximum
5.3 Rework Material—The manufacturers shall use only
tensile stress the material is capable of withstanding continu-
their own clean rework pipe material and the pipe produced
ously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe
shall meet all the requirements of this specification.
will not occur. This stress is circumferential when internal
hydrostatic water pressure is applied.
6. Requirements Requirements
3.2.2 pressure rating (PR)—the estimated maximum water
6.1 Dimensions and Tolerances:
pressure the pipe is capable of withstanding continuously with
6.1.1 Dimensions and tolerances shall be as shown in Table
ahighdegreeofcertaintythatfailureofthepipewillnotoccur.
1 and Table 2 when measured in accordance with Test Method
3.2.3 relation between dimensions, design stress, and pres-
D 2122. The tolerances for out-of-roundness shall apply only
sure rating—The following expression, commonly known as
to pipe prior to shipment.
the ISO equation, is used in this specification to relate
6.1.2 Wall Thickness Range—Thewallthicknessrangeshall
dimensions, hydrostatic design stress, and pressure rating:
not exceed 12 % when measured in accordance with Test
2 S/P 5 ~ D /t! 2 1
Method D 2122.
O
6.2 Sustained Pressure—The pipe shall not fail, balloon,
where:
burst, or weep as defined in Test Method D 1598, at the test
S = hydrostatic design stress, psi [MPa],
pressures given inTable 3, when tested in accordance with 8.4.
P = pressure rating, psi [MPa],
6.2.1 Accelerated Regression Test—The accelerated re-
D = average outside diameter, in. [mm], and
O
gression test shall be used in place of both the sustained and
t = minimum wall thickness, in. [mm].
burst pressure tests at the option of the manufacturer. The test
3.2.4 standard thermoplastic pipe materials designation
shall be conducted in accordance with 8.4.1. The pipe shall
code—The pipe materials designation code shall consist of the
demonstrate a hydrostatic design basis projection at the
abbreviation CPVC for the type of plastic, followed by the
100 000 h intercept that meets the hydrostatic design basis
ASTM type and grade inArabic numerals and the design stress
category requirement (see Table 1, Test Method D 2837) for
inunitsof100psi(0.7MPa)withanydecimalfiguresdropped.
the CPVC material used in its manufacture. If the lower
When the design stress code contains less than two figures, a
confidence value at 100 000 h differs from the extrapolated
cipher shall be used before the number. Thus a complete
LTHS value by more than 15 % of the latter; or M inAppendix
material code shall consist of four letters and four figures for
X2 (Test Method D 2837) is zero or negative; or b in the
CPVC plastic pipe materials (see Section 5).
equation h = a + bf in Appendix X1 (Test Method D 2837)is
positive, consider the data unsuitable.
4. Classification
6.3 Burst Pressure—The minimum burst pressures for
4.1 General—This specification covers CPVC pipe made
CPVC plastic pipe shall be as given in Table 4, when
fromone(seeX1.2)CPVCplasticpipematerialinSchedule40
determined in accordance with Test Method D 1599.
and 80 sizes.
6.4 Flattening—There shall be no evidence of splitting,
4.2 Hydrostatic Design Stresses—This specification covers
cracking, or breaking when the pipe is tested in accordance
CPVC pipe made from CPVC plastic as defined by hydrostatic
with 8.5.
design stresses which have been developed on the basis of
long-term tests (see appendix).
7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
7.1 The pipe shall be homogeneous throughout and free
5. Materials
from visible cracks, holes, foreign inclusions, or other defects.
5.1 General—Chlorinatedpoly(vinylchloride)plasticsused
The pipe shall be as uniform as commercially practicable in
to make pipe meeting the requirements of this specification are
color, opacity, density, and other physical properties.
categorized by means of two criteria, namely, (1) short-term
NOTE 5—Color and transparency or opacity should be specified in the
contract or purchase order.
Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd.,Ann
8. Test Methods
Arbor, MI 48113-0140, http://www.nsf.org.
8.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 73.4 6
ISO R 161-1960, Pipes of Plastics Materials for the Transport of Fluids
(Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part 1, Metric Series. 3.6°F [23 6 2°C] and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
TABLE 1 Outside Diameters and Tolerances for CPVC Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80, in. [mm]
Tolerances
Maximum Out-of-Roundness
(maximum minus minimum diameter)
Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Schedule 40 sizes Schedule 40 sizes
3 ⁄2 in. and over; 3 in. and less;
Schedule 80 Schedule 80 sizes
sizes 8 in. and over 6 in. and less
⁄4 [8] 0.540 [13.7] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄8 [10] 0.675 [17.1] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄2 [15] 0.840 [21.3] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄4 [20] 1.050 [26.7] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.020 (0.51)
1 [25] 1.315 [33.4] 60.005 [0.13] . 0.020 (0.51)
1 ⁄4 [32] 1.660 [42.2] 60.005 [0.13] . 0.024 (0.61)
1 ⁄2 [40] 1.900 [48.3] 60.006 [0.15] . 0.024 (0.61)
2 [50] 2.375 [60.3] 60.006 [0.15] . 0.024 (0.61)
2 ⁄2 [65] 2.875 [73.0] 60.007 [0.18] . 0.030 (0.76)
3 [80] 3.500 [88.9] 60.008 [0.20] . . . 0.030 (0.76)
3 ⁄2 [90] 4.000 [101.6] 60.008 [0.20] 0.100 (2.54) 0.030 (0.76)
4 [100] 4.500 [114.3] 60.009 [0.23] 0.100 (2.54) 0.030 (0.76)
5 [125] 5.563 [141.3] 60.010 [0.25] 0.100 (2.54) 0.060 (1.52)
6 [150] 6.625 [168.3] 60.011 [0.28] 0.100 (2.54) 0.070 (1.78)
8 [200] 8.625 [219.1] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.090 (2.29)
10 [250] 10.750 [273.1] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.100 (2.54)
12 [300] 12.750 [323.9] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.120 (3.05)
14 [350] 14.000 [355.6] 60.015 [0.380] 0.200 (5.08) .
16 [400] 16.000 [406.4] 60.019 [0.480] 0.320 (8.13) .
A,B
TABLE 2 Wall Thicknesses and Tolerances for CPVC Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80, in. [mm]
A
Wall Thickness
Schedule 40 Schedule 80
Nominal Pipe
Size Min Tolerance Min Tolerance
⁄4 [8] 0.088 [2.24] +0.020 [0.51] 0.119 [3.02] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄8 [10] 0.091 [2.31] +0.020 [0.51] 0.126 [3.20] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄2 [15] 0.109 [2.77] +0.020 [0.51] 0.147 [3.73] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄4 [20] 0.113 [2.87] +0.020 [0.51] 0.154 [3.91] +0.020 [0.51]
1 [25] 0.133 [3.38] +0.020 [0.51] 0.179 [4.55] +0.021 [0.53]
1 ⁄4 [32] 0.140 [3.56] +0.020 [0.51] 0.191 [4.85] +0.023 [0.58]
1 ⁄2 [40] 0.145 [3.68] +0.020 [0.51] 0.200 [5.08] +0.024 [0.61]
2 [50] 0.154 [3.91] +0.020 [0.51] 0.218 [5.54] +0.026 [0.66]
2 ⁄2 [65] 0.203 [5.16] +0.024 [0.61] 0.276 [7.01] +0.033 [0.84]
3 [80] 0.216 [5.49] +0.026 [0.66] 0.300 [7.62] +0.036 [0.91]
3 ⁄2 [90] 0.226 [5.74] +0.027 [0.68] 0.318 [8.08] +0.038 [0.96]
4 [100] 0.237 [6.02] +0.028 [0.71] 0.337 [8.56] +0.040 [1.02]
5 [125] 0.258 [6.55] +0.031 [0.79] 0.375 [9.52] +0.045 [1.14]
6 [150] 0.280 [7.11] +0.034 [0.86] 0.432 [10.97] +0.052 [1.32]
8 [200] 0.322 [8.18] +0.039 [0.99] 0.500 [12.70] +0.060 [1.52]
10 [250] 0.365 [9.27] +0.044 [1.12] 0.593 [15.06] +0.071 [1.80]
12 [300] 0.406 [10.31] +0.049 [1.24] 0.687 [17.45] +0.082 [2.08]
14 [350] 0.437 [11.10] +0.053 [+1.35] 0.750 [19.05] +0.090 [+2.29]
16 [400] 0.500 [12.70] +0.060 [+1.52] 0.843 [21.14] +0.101 [+2.57]
A
The minimum is the lowest wall thickness of the pipe at any cross section. All tolerances are on the plus side of the minimum requirement.
B
These dimensions conform to nominal IPS dimensions.
than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of the marking in their central sections. The central section is that
Practice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required. portion of pipe which is at least one pipe diameter away from
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora- an end closure.
tory atmosphere of 73 6 3.6°F [23 6 2°C] and 50 6 5% 8.4 Sustained Pressure Test—Select the test specimens at
relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test meth- random. Test individually with water at the internal pressures
ods or in this specification. given in Table 3, six specimens of pipe, each specimen at least
8.3 Sampling—The selection of the sample or samples of ten times the nominal diameter in length, but not less than 10
pipe shall be as agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller. In in. [250 mm] or more than 3 ft [1000 mm] between end
case of no prior agreement, any sample selected by the testing closures and bearing the permanent marking on the pipe.
laboratory shall be deemed adequate. Maintainthespecimensatthepressureindicatedforaperiodof
8.3.1 Test Specimens—Not less than 50 % of the test speci- 1000 h. Hold the pressure as closely as
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:F 441/F 441M–02 Designation: F 441/F 441M – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe,
Schedules 40 and 80
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 441/F 441M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverschlorinatedpoly(vinylchloride)(CPVC)pipemadeinSchedule40and80sizesandpressure-rated
for water (see appendix). Included are criteria for classifying CPVC plastic pipe materials and CPVC plastic pipe, a system of
nomenclature for CPVC plastic pipe, and requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, sustained
pressure, burst pressure, flattening, and extrusion quality. Methods of marking are also given.
NOTE 1—The CPVC pipe covered by this specification was covered previously in Specification D 1785.
NOTE 2—The sustained and burst pressure test requirements, and the pressure ratings in the appendix, are calculated from stress values obtained from
tests made on pipe 2 in. [50 mm] and smaller. However, tests on larger pipe have shown these stress values to be valid.
1.2 The products covered by this specification are intended for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which are
chemically compatible with the piping materials. Due to inherent hazards associated with testing components and systems with
compressed air or other compressed gases some manufacturers do not allow pneumatic testing of their products. Consult with
specific product/component manufacturers for their specific testing procedures prior to pneumatic testing.
NOTE 3—Pressurized (compressed) air or other compressed gases contain large amounts of stored energy which present serious saftey hazards should
a system fail for any reason.
1.3 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-poundSI units or SIinch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the
text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system aremay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
specification. standard.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
A specific precautionary statement is given in Note 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing Practice for Conditioning Plastics for
Testing
D 1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure
D 1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
DF 1784Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC)
Compounds Test Method for Performance of a Pasta Cooker
D 1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.25 on Vinyl Based
Pipe.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originally approved in 74. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F441–99.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published February 2009. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 441 – 02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 08.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials Test Method for Obtaining
Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
2.2 Federal Standard:
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
2.4 NSF Standards:
Standard No. 14 for Plastic Piping Components and Related Materials
Standard No. 61 for Drinking Water Systems Components—Health Effects
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology
D 1600, unless otherwise specified. The abbreviation for chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) is CPVC.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 hydrostatic design stress—the estimated maximum tensile stress the material is capable of withstanding continuously with
a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur. This stress is circumferential when internal hydrostatic water
pressure is applied.
3.2.2 pressurerating(PR)—theestimatedmaximumwaterpressurethepipeiscapableofwithstandingcontinuouslywithahigh
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
3.2.3 relation between dimensions, design stress, and pressure rating—The following expression, commonly known as the ISO
equation, is used in this specification to relate dimensions, hydrostatic design stress, and pressure rating:
2 S/P 5 ~ D /t! 2 1
O
where:
S = hydrostatic design stress, psi [MPa],
P = pressure rating, psi [MPa],
D = average outside diameter, in. [mm], and
O
t = minimum wall thickness, in. [mm].
3.2.4 standard thermoplastic pipe materials designation code—The pipe materials designation code shall consist of the
abbreviation CPVC for the type of plastic, followed by theASTM type and grade inArabic numerals and the design stress in units
of 100 psi (0.7 MPa) with any decimal figures dropped. When the design stress code contains less than two figures, a cipher shall
be used before the number. Thus a complete material code shall consist of four letters and four figures for CPVC plastic pipe
materials (see Section 5).
4. Classification
4.1 General—This specification covers CPVC pipe made from one (see X1.2) CPVC plastic pipe material in Schedule 40 and
80 sizes.
4.2 Hydrostatic Design Stresses—This specification covers CPVC pipe made from CPVC plastic as defined by hydrostatic
design stresses which have been developed on the basis of long-term tests (see appendix).
5. Materials
5.1 General—Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plastics used to make pipe meeting the requirements of this specification are
categorized by means of two criteria, namely, (1) short-term strength tests and (2) long-term hydrostatic strength tests at both 73
and 180°F [23 and 82°C].
5.2 Basic Materials—This specification covers CPVC pipe made from compounds meeting the requirements of Class 23447 as
defined in Specification D 1784. The materials shall have Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS) listings equal to or greater than 2000
psi [13.80 MPa] at 73°F [23°C] and 500 psi [3.45 MPa] at 180°F [82°C] when evaluated in accordance with Test Method D 2837.
NOTE 4—Mechanical strength, heat resistance, flammability, and chemical resistance properties are covered in Specification D 1784.
5.3 Rework Material—The manufacturers shall use only their own clean rework pipe material and the pipe produced shall meet
all the requirements of this specification.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140, http://www.nsf.org.
Available from the National Sanitation Foundation, P.O. Box 1468, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
ISO R 161-1960, Pipes of Plastics Materials for the Transport of Fluids (Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part 1, Metric Series.
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
6. Requirements Requirements
6.1 Dimensions and Tolerances:
6.1.1 Dimensions and tolerances shall be as shown in Table 1 and Table 2 when measured in accordance with Test Method
D 2122. The tolerances for out-of-roundness shall apply only to pipe prior to shipment.
6.1.2 Wall Thickness Range—The wall thickness range shall not exceed 12 % when measured in accordance with Test Method
D 2122.
6.2 Sustained Pressure—The pipe shall not fail, balloon, burst, or weep as defined in Test Method D 1598, at the test pressures
given in Table 3, when tested in accordance with 8.4.
6.2.1 Accelerated Regression Test —The accelerated regression test shall be used in place of both the sustained and burst
pressure tests at the option of the manufacturer. The test shall be conducted in accordance with 8.4.1. The pipe shall demonstrate
a hydrostatic design basis projection at the 100 000 h intercept that meets the hydrostatic design basis category requirement (see
Table 1, Test Method D 2837) for the CPVC material used in its manufacture. If the lower confidence value at 100 000 h differs
fromtheextrapolatedLTHSvaluebymorethan15 %ofthelatter;or MinAppendixX2(TestMethodD 2837)iszeroornegative;
or b in the equation h = a + bf in Appendix X1 (Test Method D 2837) is positive, consider the data unsuitable.
6.3 Burst Pressure—The minimum burst pressures for CPVC plastic pipe shall be as given in Table 4, when determined in
accordance with Test Method D 1599.
6.4 Flattening—There shall be no evidence of splitting, cracking, or breaking when the pipe is tested in accordance with 8.5.
7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
7.1 Thepipeshallbehomogeneousthroughoutandfreefromvisiblecracks,holes,foreigninclusions,orotherdefects.Thepipe
shall be as uniform as commercially practicable in color, opacity, density, and other physical properties.
NOTE 5—Color and transparency or opacity should be specified in the contract or purchase order.
8. Test Methods
8.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 73.4 6 3.6°F [23 6 2°C] and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than
40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required.
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard laboratory atmosphere of 73 6 3.6°F [23 6 2°C] and 50 6 5 % relative
humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test methods or in this specification.
8.3 Sampling—The selection of the sample or samples of pipe shall be as agreed upon by the purchaser and the seller. In case
of no prior agreement, any sample selected by the testing laboratory shall be deemed adequate.
8.3.1 Test Specimens—Not less than 50 % of the test specimens required for any pressure test shall have at least a part of the
marking in their central sections. The central section is that portion of pipe which is at least one pipe diameter away from an end
closure.
8.4 Sustained Pressure Test—Select the test specimens at random. Test individually with water at the internal pressures given
in Table 3, six specimens of pipe, each specimen at least ten times the nominal diameter in length, but not less than 10 in. [250
TABLE 1 Outside Diameters and Tolerances for CPVC Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80, in. [mm]
Tolerances
Maximum Out-of-Roundness
(maximum minus minimum diameter)
Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Schedule 40 sizes Schedule 40 sizes
3 ⁄2 in. and over; 3 in. and less;
Schedule 80 Schedule 80 sizes
sizes 8 in. and over 6 in. and less
⁄4 [8] 0.540 [13.7] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄8 [10] 0.675 [17.1] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄2 [15] 0.840 [21.3] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄4 [20] 1.050 [26.7] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.020 (0.51)
1 [25] 1.315 [33.4] 60.005 [0.13] . 0.020 (0.51)
1 ⁄4 [32] 1.660 [42.2] 60.005 [0.13] . 0.024 (0.61)
1 ⁄2 [40] 1.900 [48.3] 60.006 [0.15] . 0.024 (0.61)
2 [50] 2.375 [60.3] 60.006 [0.15] . 0.024 (0.61)
2 ⁄2 [65] 2.875 [73.0] 60.007 [0.18] . 0.030 (0.76)
3 [80] 3.500 [88.9] 60.008 [0.20] . . . 0.030 (0.76)
3 ⁄2 [90] 4.000 [101.6] 60.008 [0.20] 0.100 (2.54) 0.030 (0.76)
4 [100] 4.500 [114.3] 60.009 [0.23] 0.100 (2.54) 0.030 (0.76)
5 [125] 5.563 [141.3] 60.010 [0.25] 0.100 (2.54) 0.060 (1.52)
6 [150] 6.625 [168.3] 60.011 [0.28] 0.100 (2.54) 0.070 (1.78)
8 [200] 8.625 [219.1] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.090 (2.29)
10 [250] 10.750 [273.1] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.100 (2.54)
12 [300] 12.750 [323.9] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.120 (3.05)
14 [350] 14.000 [355.6] 60.015 [0.380] 0.200 (5.08) .
16 [400] 16.000 [406.4] 60.019 [0.480] 0.320 (8.13) .
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
A,B
TABLE 2 Wall Thicknesses and Tolerances for CPVC Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80, in. [mm]
A
Wall Thickness
Schedule 40 Schedule 80
Nominal Pipe
Size Min Tolerance Min Tolerance
⁄4 [8] 0.088 [2.24] +0.020 [0.51] 0.119 [3.02] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄8 [10] 0.091 [2.31] +0.020 [0.51] 0.126 [3.20] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄2 [15] 0.109 [2.77] +0.020 [0.51] 0.147 [3.73] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄4 [20] 0.113 [2.87] +0.020 [0.51] 0.154 [3.91] +0.020 [0.51]
1 [25] 0.133 [3.38] +0.020 [0.51] 0.179 [4.55] +0.021 [0.53]
1 ⁄4 [32] 0.140 [3.56] +0.020 [0.51] 0.191 [4.85] +0.023 [0.58]
1 ⁄2 [40] 0.145 [3.68] +0.020 [0.51] 0.200 [5.08] +0.024 [
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
´1
Designation:F 441/F 441M–99 Designation: F 441/F 441M – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe,
Schedules 40 and 80
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 441/F 441M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Supplementary Requirements section was editorially updated in December 2002.
1. Scope
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverschlorinatedpoly(vinylchloride)(CPVC)pipemadeinSchedule40and80sizesandpressure-rated
for water (see appendix). Included are criteria for classifying CPVC plastic pipe materials and CPVC plastic pipe, a system of
nomenclature for CPVC plastic pipe, and requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, sustained
pressure, burst pressure, flattening, and extrusion quality. Methods of marking are also given.
NOTE 1—The CPVC pipe covered by this specification was covered previously in Specification D 1785.
NOTE 2—The sustained and burst pressure test requirements, and the pressure ratings in the appendix, are calculated from stress values obtained from
tests made on pipe 2 in. [50 mm] and smaller. However, tests on larger pipe have shown these stress values to be valid.
1.2 The products covered by this specification are intended for use with the distribution of pressurized liquids only, which are
chemically compatible with the piping materials. Due to inherent hazards associated with testing components and systems with
compressed air or other compressed gases some manufacturers do not allow pneumatic testing of their products. Consult with
specific product/component manufacturers for their specific testing procedures prior to pneumatic testing.
NOTE 3—Pressurized (compressed) air or other compressed gases contain large amounts of stored energy which present serious saftey hazards should
a system fail for any reason.
1.3 The text of this specification references notes, footnotes, and appendixes which provide explanatory material. These notes
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-poundSI units or SIinch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the
text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system aremay not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
specification. standard.
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
A specific precautionary statement is given in Note 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing Practice for Conditioning Plastics for
Testing
D 1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure
D 1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
DF 1784Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC)
Compounds Test Method for Performance of a Pasta Cooker
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.25 on Vinyl Based
Pipe.
Current edition approved May 10, 1999. Published July 1999. Originally published as part of D1785–74. Last previous edition F441–97.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published February 2009. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 441 – 02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 08.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
D 1785 Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials Test Method for Obtaining
Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Products
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
2.2 Federal Standard:
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
2.4 NSF Standards:
Standard No. 14 for Plastic Piping Components and Related Materials
Standard No. 61 for Drinking Water Systems Components—Health Effects
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology
D 1600, unless otherwise specified. The abbreviation for chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) is CPVC.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 hydrostatic design stress—the estimated maximum tensile stress the material is capable of withstanding continuously with
a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur. This stress is circumferential when internal hydrostatic water
pressure is applied.
3.2.2 pressurerating(PR)—theestimatedmaximumwaterpressurethepipeiscapableofwithstandingcontinuouslywithahigh
degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur.
3.2.3 relation between dimensions, design stress, and pressure rating—The following expression, commonly known as the ISO
equation, is used in this specification to relate dimensions, hydrostatic design stress, and pressure rating:
2 S/P 5 ~ D /t! 2 1
O
where:
S = hydrostatic design stress, psi [MPa],
P = pressure rating, psi [MPa],
D = average outside diameter, in. [mm], and
O
t = minimum wall thickness, in. [mm].
3.2.4 standard thermoplastic pipe materials designation code—The pipe materials designation code shall consist of the
abbreviation CPVC for the type of plastic, followed by theASTM type and grade inArabic numerals and the design stress in units
of 100 psi (0.7 MPa) with any decimal figures dropped. When the design stress code contains less than two figures, a cipher shall
be used before the number. Thus a complete material code shall consist of four letters and four figures for CPVC plastic pipe
materials (see Section 5).
4. Classification
4.1 General—This specification covers CPVC pipe made from one (see X1.2) CPVC plastic pipe material in Schedule 40 and
80 sizes.
4.2 Hydrostatic Design Stresses—This specification covers CPVC pipe made from CPVC plastic as defined by hydrostatic
design stresses which have been developed on the basis of long-term tests (see appendix).
5. Materials
5.1 General—Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plastics used to make pipe meeting the requirements of this specification are
categorized by means of two criteria, namely, (1) short-term strength tests and (2) long-term hydrostatic strength tests at both 73
and 180°F [23 and 82°C].
5.2 Basic Materials—This specification covers CPVC pipe made from compounds meeting the requirements of Class 23447 as
defined in Specification D 1784. The materials shall have Hydrostatic Design Stress (HDS) listings equal to or greater than 2000
psi [13.80 MPa] at 73°F [23°C] and 500 psi [3.45 MPa] at 180°F [82°C] when evaluated in accordance with Test Method D 2837.
NOTE 4—Mechanical strength, heat resistance, flammability, and chemical resistance properties are covered in Specification D 1784.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140, http://www.nsf.org.
Available from the National Sanitation Foundation, P.O. Box 1468, Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
ISO R 161-1960, Pipes of Plastics Materials for the Transport of Fluids (Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part 1, Metric Series.
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
5.3 Rework Material—The manufacturers shall use only their own clean rework pipe material and the pipe produced shall meet
all the requirements of this specification.
6. Requirements Requirements
6.1 Dimensions and Tolerances:
6.1.1 Dimensions and tolerances shall be as shown in Table 1 and Table 2 when measured in accordance with Test Method
D 2122. The tolerances for out-of-roundness shall apply only to pipe prior to shipment.
6.1.2 Wall Thickness Range—The wall thickness range shall not exceed 12 % when measured in accordance with Test Method
D 2122.
6.2 Sustained Pressure—The pipe shall not fail, balloon, burst, or weep as defined in Test Method D 1598, at the test pressures
given in Table 3, when tested in accordance with 8.4.
6.2.1 Accelerated Regression Test —The accelerated regression test shall be used in place of both the sustained and burst
pressure tests at the option of the manufacturer. The test shall be conducted in accordance with 8.4.1. The pipe shall demonstrate
a hydrostatic design basis projection at the 100 000 h intercept that meets the hydrostatic design basis category requirement (see
Table 1, Test Method D 2837) for the CPVC material used in its manufacture. If the lower confidence value at 100 000 h differs
fromtheextrapolatedLTHSvaluebymorethan15 %ofthelatter;or MinAppendixX2(TestMethodD 2837)iszeroornegative;
or b in the equation h = a + bf in Appendix X1 (Test Method D 2837) is positive, consider the data unsuitable.
6.3 Burst Pressure—The minimum burst pressures for CPVC plastic pipe shall be as given in Table 4, when determined in
accordance with Test Method D 1599.
6.4 Flattening—There shall be no evidence of splitting, cracking, or breaking when the pipe is tested in accordance with 8.5.
7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
7.1 Thepipeshallbehomogeneousthroughoutandfreefromvisiblecracks,holes,foreigninclusions,orotherdefects.Thepipe
shall be as uniform as commercially practicable in color, opacity, density, and other physical properties.
NOTE 5—Color and transparency or opacity should be specified in the contract or purchase order.
8. Test Methods
8.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 73.4 6 3.6°F [23 6 2°C] and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than
40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required.
8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard laboratory atmosphere of 73 6 3.6°F [23 6 2°C] and 50 6 5 % relative
humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test methods or in this specification.
TABLE 1 Outside Diameters and Tolerances for CPVC Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80, in. [mm]
Nominal Pipe
Tolerances
Size
Maximum Out-of-Roundness
(maximum minus minimum diameter)
Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Schedule 40 sizes Schedule 40 sizes
312 ⁄2 in. and over; 3 in. and less;
Schedule 80 sizes Schedule 80 sizes
8 in. and over 6 in. and less
Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Schedule 40 sizes Schedule 40 sizes
3 ⁄2 in. and over; 3 in. and less;
Schedule 80 Schedule 80 sizes
sizes 8 in. and over 6 in. and less
⁄4 [8] 0.540 [13.7] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄8 [10] 0.675 [17.1] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄2 [15] 0.840 [21.3] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.016 (0.41)
⁄4 [20] 1.050 [26.7] 60.004 [0.10] . 0.020 (0.51)
1 [25] 1.315 [33.4] 60.005 [0.13] . 0.020 (0.51)
1 ⁄4 [32] 1.660 [42.2] 60.005 [0.13] . 0.024 (0.61)
1 ⁄2 [40] 1.900 [48.3] 60.006 [0.15] . 0.024 (0.61)
2 [50] 2.375 [60.3] 60.006 [0.15] . 0.024 (0.61)
2 ⁄2 [65] 2.875 [73.0] 60.007 [0.18] . 0.030 (0.76)
3 [80] 3.500 [88.9] 60.008 [0.20] . . . 0.030 (0.76)
3 ⁄2 [90] 4.000 [101.6] 60.008 [0.20] 0.100 (2.54) 0.030 (0.76)
4 [100] 4.500 [114.3] 60.009 [0.23] 0.100 (2.54) 0.030 (0.76)
5 [125] 5.563 [141.3] 60.010 [0.25] 0.100 (2.54) 0.060 (1.52)
6 [150] 6.625 [168.3] 60.011 [0.28] 0.100 (2.54) 0.070 (1.78)
8 [200] 8.625 [219.1] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.090 (2.29)
10 [250] 10.750 [273.1] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.100 (2.54)
12 [300] 12.750 [323.9] 60.015 [0.38] 0.150 (3.81) 0.120 (3.05)
14 [350] 14.000 [355.6] 60.015 [0.380] 0.200 (5.08) .
16 [400] 16.000 [406.4] 60.019 [0.480] 0.320 (8.13) .
F 441/F 441M – 02 (2008)
A,B
TABLE 2 Wall Thicknesses and Tolerances for CPVC Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80, in. [mm]
A
Wall Thickness
Schedule 40 Schedule 80
Nominal Pipe
Size Min Tolerance Min Tolerance
⁄4 [8] 0.088 [2.24] +0.020 [0.51] 0.119 [3.02] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄8 [10] 0.091 [2.31] +0.020 [0.51] 0.126 [3.20] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄2 [15] 0.109 [2.77] +0.020 [0.51] 0.147 [3.73] +0.020 [0.51]
⁄4 [20] 0.113 [2.87] +0.020 [0.51] 0.154 [3.91] +0.020 [0.51]
1 [25] 0.133 [3.38] +0.020 [0.51] 0.179 [4.55] +0.021 [0.53]
1 ⁄4 [32] 0.140 [3.56] +0.020 [0.51] 0.191 [4.85] +0.023 [0.58]
1 ⁄2 [40] 0.145 [3.68] +0.020 [0.51] 0.200 [5.08] +0.024 [0.61]
2 [50] 0.154 [3.91] +0.020 [0.51] 0.218 [5.54] +0.026 [0.66]
2 ⁄2 [65] 0.203 [5.16] +0.024 [0.61] 0.276 [7.01] +0.033 [0.84]
3 [80] 0.216 [5.49] +0.026 [0.66] 0.300 [7.62] +0.036 [0.91]
3 ⁄2 [90] 0.226 [5.74] +0.027 [0.68] 0.318 [8.08] +0.038 [0.96]
4 [100] 0.237 [6.02] +0.028 [0.71] 0.337 [8.56] +0.040 [1.02]
5 [125] 0.258 [6.55] +0.031 [0.79] 0.375 [9.52] +0.045 [1.14]
6 [150] 0.280 [7.11] +0.034 [0.86] 0.432 [10.97] +0.052 [1.32]
8 [200] 0.322 [8.18] +0
...
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