ASTM D7416-08

Standard Practice for Analysis of In-Service Lubricants Using a Particular Five-Part (Dielectric Permittivity, Time-Resolved Dielectric Permittivity with Switching Magnetic Fields, Laser Particle Counter, Microscopic Debris Analysis, and Orbital Viscome

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In-plant Oil Analysis—The particular five-part integrated tester practice is primarily used by plant maintenance personnel desiring to perform on-site analysis of as-received and in-service lubricating oils.
Detect Common Lubrication Problems—The software application interprets data from integration of multiple sensing technologies to detect common lubrication problems from inadvertent mixing of dissimilar lubricant viscosity grades and from particulate or moisture contamination. The redundant views of ferrous particulates (sensor 2), all particulates larger than 4-μm (sensor 3), and all solid particulates larger than filter patch pore size (patch maker) provides screening for oil wetted mechanical system failure mechanisms from incipient to catastrophic stages.
Supported by Off-Site Lab Analysis—The particular five-part integrated tester is normally used in conjunction with an off-site laboratory when exploring the particular nature of an alarming oil sample. An off-site laboratory should be consulted for appropriate additional tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for analysis of in-service lubricant samples using a particular five-part (dielectric permittivity, time-resolved dielectric permittivity with switching magnetic fields, laser particle counter, microscopic debris analysis, and orbital viscometer) integrated tester to assess machine wear, lubrication system contamination, and lubricant dielectric permittivity and viscosity. Analyzed results trigger recommended follow-on actions which might include conducting more precise standard measurements at a laboratory. Wear status, contamination status, and lubricant dielectric permittivity and viscosity status are derived quantitatively from multiple parameters measured.
1.2 This practice is suitable for testing incoming and in-service lubricating oils in viscosity grades 32 mm2/s at 40°C to 680 mm2/s at 40°C having petroleum or synthetic base stock. This practice is intended to be used for testing in-service lubricant samples collected from pumps, electric motors, compressors, turbines, engines, transmissions, gearboxes, crushers, pulverizers, presses, hydraulics and similar machinery applications. This practice addresses operation and standardization to ensure repeatable results.
1.3 This practice is not intended for use with crude oils.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2008
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.96 - In-Service Lubricant Testing and Condition Monitoring Services

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D7416-09 - Standard Practice for Analysis of In-Service Lubricants Using a Particular Five-Part (Dielectric Permittivity, Time-Resolved Dielectric Permittivity with Switching Magnetic Fields, Laser Particle Counter, Microscopic Debris Analysis, and Orbital Viscome
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D7684-11(2020) - Standard Guide for Microscopic Characterization of Particles from In-Service Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D7720-21 - Standard Guide for Statistically Evaluating Measurand Alarm Limits when Using Oil Analysis to Monitor Equipment and Oil for Fitness and Contamination
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 7416 – 08
Standard Practice for
Analysis of In-Service Lubricants Using a Particular Five-
Part (Dielectric Permittivity, Time-Resolved Dielectric
Permittivity with Switching Magnetic Fields, Laser Particle
Counter, Microscopic Debris Analysis, and Orbital
Viscometer) Integrated Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7416; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice covers procedures for analysis of in-
service lubricant samples using a particular five-part (dielectric
2. Referenced Documents
permittivity, time-resolved dielectric permittivity with switch-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing magnetic fields, laser particle counter, microscopic debris
D 341 Test Method for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for
analysis, and orbital viscometer) integrated tester to assess
Liquid Petroleum Products
machine wear, lubrication system contamination, and lubricant
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
dielectric permittivity and viscosity. Analyzed results trigger
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
recommended follow-on actions which might include conduct-
ity)
ing more precise standard measurements at a laboratory. Wear
D 924 TestMethodforDissipationFactor(orPowerFactor)
status, contamination status, and lubricant dielectric permittiv-
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
ityandviscositystatusarederivedquantitativelyfrommultiple
cal Insulating Liquids
parameters measured.
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
1.2 This practice is suitable for testing incoming and in-
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
service lubricating oils in viscosity grades 32 mm /s at 40°C to
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
680 mm /s at 40°C having petroleum or synthetic base stock.
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
This practice is intended to be used for testing in-service
Petroleum Products
lubricant samples collected from pumps, electric motors,
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
compressors, turbines, engines, transmissions, gearboxes,
Petroleum Products
crushers, pulverizers, presses, hydraulics and similar machin-
E 617 Specification for Laboratory Weights and Precision
ery applications. This practice addresses operation and stan-
Mass Standards
dardization to ensure repeatable results.
E 1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Micro-
1.3 This practice is not intended for use with crude oils.
scope Magnifications
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.2 ISO Standards:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ISO11171 Hydraulicfluidpower—Calibrationofautomatic
standard.
particle counters for liquids
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum the ASTM website.
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.96 on Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
In-Service Lubricant Testing and Condition Monitoring Services. la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7416–08
3. Terminology 3.2.19 new oil, n—sample of as-purchased new oil as
supplied by a manufacturer for use to measure baseline
3.1 Definitions:
reference values for the following reference oil properties:
3.1.1 integrated tester, n—automated, or semi-automated
dielectric permittivity, specific gravity (Test Method D 1298),
stand alone instrument utilizing multiple technologies to pro-
kinematic viscosity at 40°C (Test Method D 445), kinematic
vide diagnostic recommendations (on-site or in-line) for con-
viscosity at 100°C (Test Method D 445), and sensor 2 water
dition monitoring of in-service lubricants.
factor.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.20 particular five-part integrated tester, n—integrated
3.2.1 chemistry index (Chem Index), n—parameter com-
4,5
tester including these five parts: sensor 1 (dielectric permit-
puted from dielectric permittivity increase compared to new
tivity sensor), sensor 2 (time-resolved dielectric permittivity
oil. The value is equal to dielectric difference multiplied by
5,6
sensor with switching magnetic fields), sensor 3 (laser
100.
,
5 7
particle counter), dual-screen patch maker (initial step in
3.2.2 chemistry status (Chem Status), n—diagnostic sever-
5,8 5,9
microscopic debris analysis), and orbital viscometer.
ity ranking having 0 to 100 score based on the highest alarm
3.2.21 particle count ppm by volume<6µm(PCVol<6
indication of dielectric permittivity and viscosity measure-
µm), n—volume of particulate debris detected using a laser
ments.
particle counter in size range$4µmand<6µm compared to
3.2.3 counts$ 4, n—sensor 3 measured particle counts per
-6
volume of oil 3 10 .
mL for particles$ 4 µm.
3.2.22 particle count ppm by volume$6µmand<14µm
3.2.4 counts$ 6, n—sensor 3 measured particle counts per
(PC Vol 6-14 µm), n—volume of particulate debris detected
mL for particles$ 6 µm.
using a laser particle counter in size range$4µmand<6µm
3.2.5 counts$10,n—sensor3measuredparticlecountsper
-6
compared to volume of oil 3 10 .
mL for particles$ 10 µm.
3.2.23 particle count ppm by volume$ 14 µm (PC Vol$14
3.2.6 counts$ 14, n— sensor 3 measured particle counts
µm), n—volume of particulate debris detected using a laser
per mL for particles$ 14 µm.
particle counter in size range$ 14 µm compared to volume of
3.2.7 counts$ 18, n— sensor 3 measured particle counts
-6
oil 3 10 .
per mL for particles$ 18 µm.
3.2.24 particle count ppm by volume total (PC Vol Total),
3.2.8 counts$ 22— sensor 3 measured particle counts per
n—volume of all particulate debris detected using a laser
mL for particles$ 22 µm.
particlecounterinsizerange$4µmcomparedtovolumeofoil
3.2.9 counts$ 26—sensor 3 measured particle counts per -6
3 10 .
mL for particles$ 26 µm.
3.2.25 Sensor 1, n—dielectric permittivity sensor having
3.2.10 counts$ 32— sensor 3 measured particle counts per
oil-filled cavity between central oscillating electrode and
mL for particles$ 32 µm.
grounded concentric-shell.
3.2.11 counts$ 38—sensor 3 measured particle counts per
3.2.26 Sensor 2, n—concentric-electrical-trace-type time-
mL for particles$ 38 µm.
resolved dielectric permittivity sensor using a ceramic fiber
3.2.12 contaminant status (Cont Status), n—diagnostic se-
filled printed circuit board and including pair of coaxial,
verityrankinghaving0to100scorebasedonthehighestalarm
switching electromagnets proximate to the underside of the
indication of all contamination related parameters.
surface supporting the concentric electrical traces.
3.2.13 dual-screen patch maker, n—apparatus with screens
3.2.27 Sensor 2 water factor, n—proportional measure of
to support individual (most often) or stacked (occasionally for
time-resolved-dielectric permittivity per 1% emulsified water-
size segregation) filter patches used to extract solid particles
in-oil.
from in-service lubricating fluid as the fluid is evacuated from
3.2.28 Sensor 3, n—light-blocking-type (also called light-
sensor 2 test chamber. This item is often referred to simply as
extinction-type) laser particle counter sensor.
“patch maker.”
3.2.14 ferrous index (Fe Index), n—ferrous density type
parameter measuring relative concentration and size of mag- The analyzer is described in and covered by the following U.S. Patents:
5,262,732; 5,394,739; 5,604,441; 5,614,830; 5,656,767; 5,674,401; 5,817,928;
netically responsive iron particles $ 5 µm collected on a
6,064,480; 6,418,799; 6,582,661; 7,027,959; and 7,065,454. The sole source of
dielectric permittivity sensor.
supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Machinery Health
3.2.15 large contaminant droplet (LCont D), n—indication
Management, Emerson Process Management, 835 Innovation Drive, Knoxville, TN
37932.
reporting sensor 2 detects presence of free-water drops in oil.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to
3.2.16 large contaminant ferrous (LCont Fe), n—indication
ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-
reporting sensor 2 detects presence of very large ferrous-metal
ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
particles in oil, which are often the kind produced by abrasive The time-resolved dielectric sensor with switching electromagnets is described
in and covered by U.S. Patent 5,604,441.
wear mechanisms.
Sensor 3 uses methods described in and covered by U.S. Patents 6,064,480 and
3.2.17 large contaminant non-ferrous (LCont NF),
7,065,454.
n—indication reporting sensor 2 detects presence of very large
The patch maker with dual screens is described in and covered by U.S. Patent
6,418,799.
non-ferrous-metal particles in oil, which are often the kind
The orbital viscometer is described in and covered by U.S. Patent 5,394,739.
produced by abrasive wear mechanisms.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is
3.2.18 orbital viscometer, n—four-pole, magnetically
Machinery Health Management, Emerson Process Management, 835 Innovation
driven, orbital viscometer. Drive, Knoxville, TN 37932.
D7416–08
A
TABLE 1 Oil and Solvent Solubility
NOTE—Y=Yes, N=No
Oil Class Dielectric Original Lamp Ultra Pure Original Lamp Toluene Hexane Fluid A Fluid B Fluid C
Oil or Kerosine Lamp Oil Oil + Fluid B
Mineral Oil 2.1–2.4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Most industrial
lubricants
PAO 2.1– 2.4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Synthetic
Hydrocarbon
Diester 3.4– 4.3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Diester
POE + PAG 4.6– 4.8 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Polyol Ester +
Polyalkylene Glycol
PAG 6.6–7.3 N N N Y Y N N N Polyalkylene
Glycol
PhE 6.0–7.1 sometimes N Y Y Y N Y Y Phosphate
Ester
A
(Warning—Both Toluene and Isopropyl Alcohol have flash points below room temperature. They require an explosion proof vacuum pump.)
3.2.29 system debris, n—calculated volume of debris in 4.2 Computer Application Software—A computer applica-
entire oil compartment (PC Vol Total multiplied by volume of tion software program guides the test sequence and provides
oil compartment). analysis, diagnostic determination, data storage, and reporting.
3.2.30 orbital viscosity at 25°C (Visc 25C)—orbitalviscom-
5. Significance and Use
eterviscositymeasurementreportedasabsoluteviscosity(mPa
5.1 In-plant Oil Analysis—The particular five-part inte-
3 s at 25°C).
3.2.31 orbital viscosity at 40°C (Visc 40C)—orbitalviscom- grated tester practice is primarily used by plant maintenance
personnel desiring to perform on-site analysis of as-received
eter viscosity measurement reported as kinematic viscosity
(mm /s) at 40°C. and in-service lubricating oils.
5.2 Detect Common Lubrication Problems—The software
3.2.32 percent change in viscosity at 40°C (Visc%Chng)—
parameter comparing Visc 40C between new in-service oil. application interprets data from integration of multiple sensing
technologies to detect common lubrication problems from
3.2.33 wear debris analysis classification (WDA
classification)—microscopic debris analysis classification inadvertent mixing of dissimilar lubricant viscosity grades and
from particulate or moisture contamination. The redundant
method that closely identifies particulate debris from an oil
sample. views of ferrous particulates (sensor 2), all particulates larger
than 4-µm (sensor 3), and all solid particulates larger than filter
3.2.34 wear debris analysis severity (WDA severity)—
score-type parameter or alarming system assigned by an patch pore size (patch maker) provides screening for oil wetted
mechanical system failure mechanisms from incipient to cata-
analyst that reflects a qualitative assessment of risk to machine
health as evidenced by microscopic viewing of collected strophic stages.
contamination and wear debris. 5.3 Supported by Off-Site Lab Analysis—The particular
3.2.35 wear status—diagnostic severity ranking having 0 to five-part integrated tester is normally used in conjunction with
100 score based on the highest alarm indication of all wear anoff-sitelaboratorywhenexploringtheparticularnatureofan
alarming oil sample.An off-site laboratory should be consulted
related parameters.
for appropriate additional tests.
4. Summary of Practice
6. Interferences
4.1 Measurements Made—The particular five-part inte-
grated tester sequentially measures viscosity, dielectric permit- 6.1 Wrong Solvent Selection—The particular five-part inte-
grated tester testing almost always requires the use of dilution
tivity, water-in-oil, ferrous debris, particle count and distribu-
tion, and microscopic wear debris analysis for in-service oil withasolventthatissolublewiththein-servicelubricantbeing
tested. All petroleum-based and most synthetic lubricants
samples.
4.1.1 Absolute viscosity is measured based on speed of an dissolve very well in kerosine or lamp oil, so this is most often
orbiting steel ball forced by controlled magnetic fields. Tem- used. However, certain synthetics remain immiscible in these
perature of fluid under test is also measured. solvents. See 8.3 and Table 1. It is therefore very important to
4.1.2 Dielectric permittivity is measured using a concentric- verify solubility of synthetic-based lubricants being tested with
shell-type capacitive sensor. the diluents and cleaning solvents being used. To do this, add
4.1.3 Water-in-oil and ferrous debris are each measured a 50:50 mixture of solvent and sample in a bottle, shake
using time-resolved dielectric sensor and are differentiated by vigorously, and allow settling for 1 min. Layered fluids or
using a switching dual-coil electromagnet. emulsion are signs of insolubility. This is likely to cause
4.1.4 Particle counting is measured usi
...