ASTM D6681-01
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine-Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is required to evaluate the performance of engine oils intended to satisfy certain American Petroleum Institute (API) C service categories (included in Specification D 4485). It is performed in a laboratory using a standardized high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine. Piston and ring groove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumption is measured. The piston, the rings, and the liner are also examined for distress and the rings for mobility.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Being an engine test method, this standard does have definite hazards that require safe practices (see Appendix X2 on Safety).
1.3 The following is the Table of Contents: SectionScope1Referenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Test Method4Significance and Use5Apparatus and Installation6 Intake Air System6.2.1 Exhaust System6.2.2 Fuel System6.2.3 Oil Consumption System6.2.4 Engine Oil System6.2.5 Oil Heating System6.2.5.1 Oil Sample Valve6.2.5.2 Engine Coolant System6.2.6 Engine Instrumentation6.2.7Reagents and Materials7Oil Samples8Preparation of Apparatus9 General Engine Assembly Practices9.1 Complete Engine Inspection9.2 Copper Components9.3 Engine Lubricant System Flush9.4 Engine Piston Cooling Jets9.5 Engine Measurements and Inspections9.6 Cylinder Head9.7 Valve Guide Bushings9.8 Fuel Injector9.9 Piston and Rings9.10 Cylinder Liner9.11 Compression Ratio9.12 Engine Timing9.13 Engine Coolant System Cleaning Procedure9.14Calibration and Standardization10 Test Cell Instrumentation10.1 Instrumentation Standards10.2 Coolant Flow10.3 Re-calibration Requirements10.4 Fuel Injectors10.5 Air Flow10.6 Intake Air Barrel10.7 Fuel Filter10.8 Oil Scale Flow Rates10.9 Calibration of Test Stands10.10 Extending Test Stand Calibration Period10.11 Test Run Numbering10.12 Humidity Calibration Requirements10.13 Calibration of Piston Deposit Raters10.14Procedure11 Engine Break-in Procedure11.1 Cool-down Procedure11.2 Warm-up Procedure11.3 Shutdowns and Lost Time11.4 Periodic Measurements11.5 Engine Control Systems11.6 Engine Coolant11.6.1 Engine Fuel System11.6.2 Engine Oil Temperature11.6.3 Exhaust Pressure11.6.4 Intake Air11.6.5 Post-Test Procedures11.7 Piston Ring Side Clearances11.7.1 Piston Ratings11.7.2 Referee Ratings11.7.2.1 Ring End Gap Increase11.7.3 Cylinder Liner Wear11.7.4 Cylinder Liner Bore Polish11.7.5 Photographs11.7.6Calculation and Interpretation of Results12 Test Validity12.1 Calculations12.2 Quality Index12.2.1 Oil Consumption12.2.2Report13 Forms and Data Dictionary13.1 Test Validity13.2 Report Specifics13.3Precision and Bias14 Precision14.1 Bias14.2Keywords15AnnexesEngine and Parts WarrantyAnnex A1Instrument Locations, Measurements, and CalculationsAnnex A2Cooling System ArrangementAnnex A3Intake Air Mass Flow Sensor InstallationAnnex A4Fuel System Design and Required ComponentsAnnex A5Oil SystemAnnex A6Exhaust and Intake Barrel PipingAnnex A7Humidity Probe Installation (Location)Annex A8Return Goods Authorization (Claim Form)Annex A9Engine Assembly InformationAnnex A10Flushing Instructions and ApparatusAnnex A11Warm-up, Cool-down and Testing ConditionsAnnex A12Piston and Liner Rating ModificationsAnnex A13Additional Report FormsAnnex A14Test Report FormsAnnex A15Test Report Data DictionaryAnnex A16AppendixesVarious Examples for Reference PurposesAppendix X1SafetyAppendix X2
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 6681 – 01
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder
Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Any properly equipped laboratory without outside assistance can use the test method described in
this standard. However, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) provides calibration oils and an
assessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratory
will know whether their use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtained by
other laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services in
seekingqualificationofoilsagainstspecifications.Forexample,theU.S.Armyhassucharequirement
in some of its engine oil specifications.Accordingly, this test method is written for those laboratories
that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services should ignore those
portions of the test method that refer to theTMC. Information Letters issued periodically by theTMC
may modify this method. In addition, the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda related to the
test method.
1. Scope
Section
Scope 1
1.1 This test method is required to evaluate the performance
Referenced Documents 2
of engine oils intended to satisfy certain American Petroleum
Terminology 3
Summary of Test Method 4
Institute (API) C service categories (included in Specification
Significance and Use 5
D 4485). It is performed in a laboratory using a standardized
Apparatus and Installation 6
high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine. Piston and ring
Intake Air System 6.2.1
Exhaust System 6.2.2
groove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumption is mea-
Fuel System 6.2.3
sured.The piston, the rings, and the liner are also examined for
Oil Consumption System 6.2.4
distress and the rings for mobility. Engine Oil System 6.2.5
Oil Heating System 6.2.5.1
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Oil Sample Valve 6.2.5.2
standard.
Engine Coolant System 6.2.6
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Engine Instrumentation 6.2.7
Reagents and Materials 7
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Oil Samples 8
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Preparation of Apparatus 9
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- General Engine Assembly Practices 9.1
Complete Engine Inspection 9.2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Being an engine
Copper Components 9.3
test method, this standard does have definite hazards that
Engine Lubricant System Flush 9.4
require safe practices (see Appendix X2 on Safety). Engine Piston Cooling Jets 9.5
Engine Measurements and Inspections 9.6
1.4 The following is the Table of Contents:
Cylinder Head 9.7
Valve Guide Bushings 9.8
Fuel Injector 9.9
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Piston and Rings 9.10
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Cylinder Liner 9.11
D02.B0.02 on Heavy Duty Engine Oils. Compression Ratio 9.12
Engine Timing 9.13
Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published October 2001.
Engine Coolant System Cleaning Procedure 9.14
ASTM Test Monitoring Ctr., 6555 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15206–4489.
Calibration and Standardization 10
This edition incorporates revisions contained in all information letters through
Test Cell Instrumentation 10.1
99-1. Users of this test method shall contact the ASTM Test Monitoring Center to
Instrumentation Standards 10.2
obtain the most recent information letters.
Available from Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, P.O.
Box 610, Mossville, IL 61552-0610.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6681–01
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Section
Coolant Flow 10.3
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
Re-calibration Requirements 10.4
Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
Fuel Injectors 10.5
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
Air Flow 10.6
Intake Air Barrel 10.7
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
Fuel Filter 10.8
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Oil Scale Flow Rates 10.9
and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
Calibration of Test Stands 10.10
Extending Test Stand Calibration Period 10.11
ity)
Test Run Numbering 10.12
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
Humidity Calibration Requirements 10.13
Calibration of Piston Deposit Raters 10.14 D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Procedure 11
Petroleum Products
Engine Break-in Procedure 11.1
D 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
Cool-down Procedure 11.2
Warm-up Procedure 11.3 D 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
Shutdowns and Lost Time 11.4
by Potentiometric Titration
Periodic Measurements 11.5
D 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
Engine Control Systems 11.6
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
Engine Coolant 11.6.1
Engine Fuel System 11.6.2
D 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate
Engine Oil Temperature 11.6.3
Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
Exhaust Pressure 11.6.4
Intake Air 11.6.5 D 2425 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle
Post-Test Procedures 11.7 5
Distillates by Mass Spectrometry
Piston Ring Side Clearances 11.7.1
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Prod-
Piston Ratings 11.7.2
Referee Ratings 11.7.2.1 ucts
Ring End Gap Increase 11.7.3
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
Cylinder Liner Wear 11.7.4
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Cylinder Liner Bore Polish 11.7.5
Photographs 11.7.6
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
Calculation and Interpretation of Results 12
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Test Validity 12.1
D 3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-
Calculations 12.2
Quality Index 12.2.1 line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels
Oil Consumption 12.2.2 5
(Potentiometric Method)
Report 13
D 3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel
Forms and Data Dictionary 13.1
Test Validity 13.2
Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography
Report Specifics 13.3
D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
Precision and Bias 14
Products, and Lubricants
Precision 14.1
Bias 14.2
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
Keywords 15 8
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Annexes
D 4485 Specification for Performance of Engine Oils
Engine and Parts Warranty Annex A1
Instrument Locations, Measurements, and Calculations Annex A2
D 4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination by
Cooling System Arrangement Annex A3 8
Potentiometric Titration
Intake Air Mass Flow Sensor Installation Annex A4
D 4863 Test Method for Determination of Lubricity of
Fuel System Design and Required Components Annex A5
Oil System Annex A6
Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants
Exhaust and Intake Barrel Piping Annex A7
D 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-
Humidity Probe Installation (Location) Annex A8
ments,WearMetalsandContaminantsinUsedLubricating
Return Goods Authorization (Claim Form) Annex A9
Engine Assembly Information Annex A10
Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in Base Oils
Flushing Instructions and Apparatus Annex A11
by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spec-
Warm-up, Cool-down and Testing Conditions Annex A12
trometry (ICP-AES)
Piston and Liner Rating Modifications Annex A13
Additional Report Forms Annex A14
D 5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
Test Report Forms Annex A15
Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a
Test Report Data Dictionary Annex A16
Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with
Appendixes
Various Examples for Reference Purposes Appendix X1
Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-
Safety Appendix X2
Duty Conditions
D 5844 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
2. Referenced Documents
Oils for Inhibition of Rusting (Sequence IID)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 5862 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in the
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Atmospheric Pressure
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Tester
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
5 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
D6681–01
Two-Stroke Cycle Turbo-Supercharged 6V92TA Diesel 3.1.9 disperant, n—in engine oil, an additive that reduces
Engine depositsonoil-wettedsurfacesprimarilythroughsuspensionof
D 6202 Test Method for Automotive Engine Oils on the particles. D4175
FuelEconomyofPassengerCarsandLight-DutyTrucksin
3.1.10 engine oil, n—a liquid that reduces friction or wear,
the Sequence VIA Spark-Ignition Engine
or both, between the moving parts within an engine; removes
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
heat, particularly from the underside of pistons; and serves as
Determine Conformance with Specifications
a combustion gas sealant for the piston rings. D5862
E 344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
3.1.10.1 Discussion—It may contain additives to enhance
etry
certain properties. Inhibition of engine rusting, deposit forma-
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
tion,valvetrainwear,oiloxidationand,foamingareexamples.
2.2 SAE Standard:
3.1.11 heavy-duty, adj—in internal combustion engine op-
SAE J183 Engine Oil Performance and Engine Service
eration, characterized by average speeds, power output, and
Classification
internal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.
2.3 API Standard:
D4485
API 1509 Engine Service Classification and Guide to
3.1.12 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
Crankcase Oil Selection
surfaces that reduces the friction or wear, or both, between
them. D5862
3. Terminology
3.1.13 lubricating oil, n—a liquid lubricant, usually com-
3.1 Definitions:
prising several ingredients, including a major portion of base
3.1.1 additive, n—a material added to another, usually in a
oil and minor portions of various additives. Sub. B Glos-
small amount, to impart or enhance desirable properties or to
sary
suppress undesirable properties. D4175
3.1.14 oxidation, n—of engine oil, the reaction of the oil
3.1.2 automotive, adj—descriptive of equipment associated
with an electron acceptor, generally oxygen, that can produce
with self-propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven by
deleterious acidic or resinous materials often manifested as
internal combustion engines. D4485
sludge formation, varnish formation, viscosity increase, or
3.1.3 blind reference oil, n—- a reference oil, the identity of
corrosion, or a combination thereof. Sub. B Glossary
which is unknown by the test facility. D5844
3.1.15 non-reference oil, n—any oil other than a reference
3.1.3.1 Discussion—This is a coded reference oil which is
oil; such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candi-
submitted by a source independent from the test facility.
date oil. D5844
3.1.4 blowby, n—in internal combustion engine, the com-
3.1.16 purchaser, n—of an ASTM test, person or organiza-
bustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enter
tion that pays for the conduct of an ASTM test method on a
the crankcase. D5302
specified product. D6202
3.1.5 calibrate, v—-todeterminetheindicationoroutputof
3.1.17 reference oil, n—an oil of known performance char-
a measuring device with respect to that of a standard. E344
acteristics, used as a basis for comparison. D5844
3.1.6 calibrated test stand, n—a test stand on which the
testing of reference material(s), conducted as specified in the 3.1.17.1 Discussion—Reference oils are used to calibrate
standard, provided acceptable test results. Sub. B Glossary testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, or
3.1.6.1 Discussion—In several automotive lubricant stan- to evaluate other material (such as seals) that interact with oils.
dard test methods, theASTM Test Monitoring Center provides
3.1.18 scoring, n—in tribology, a severe form of wear
testing guidance and determines acceptability.
characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and
3.1.7 candidate oil, n—an oil which is intended to have the
scratches in the direction of sliding. G40
performance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specification
3.1.19 scuff, scuffıng, n—in lubrication, damage caused by
and is to be tested against that specification. D5844
instantaneous localized welding between surfaces in relative
3.1.7.1 Discussion—These oils are mainly submitted for
motion that does not result in immobilization of the parts.
testing as candidates to satisfy a specified performance; hence
D4863
the designation of the term.
3.1.20 sponsor,n—ofanASTMtestmethod,anorganization
3.1.8 debris, n—in internal combustion engines, solid con-
that is responsible for ensuring supply of the apparatus used in
taminant materials unintentionally introduced into the engine
the test procedure portion of the test method. Sub. B Glos-
or resulting from wear. D5862
sary
3.1.20.1 Discussion—In some instances, such as a test
method for chemical analysis, anASTM working group can be
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
the sponsor of the test method. In other instances, a company
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
with a self-interest may or may not be the developer of the test
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
procedureusedwithinthemethod,butisthesponsorofthetest
AvailablefromtheSocietyofAutomotiveEngineersInc.,400Commonwealth
Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096. method.
Available from the American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Wash-
3.1.21 used oil, n—any oil that has been in a piece of
ington D.C., 20005.
equipment (for example, an engine, gearbox, transformer, or
Available from the Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue,
Pittsburgh, PA 15206–4489. turbine), whether operated or not. D4175
D6681–01
3.1.22 varnish, n—in internal combustion engines, a hard, (Mam
...
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