ASTM D4403-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Extensometers Used in Rock
Standard Practice for Extensometers Used in Rock
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Extensometers are widely used in the field of engineering and include most devices used to measure displacements, separation, settlements, convergence, and the like.
4.2 For tunnel instrumentation, extensometers are generally used to measure roof and sidewall movements and to locate the tension arch zone surrounding the tunnel opening.
4.3 Extensometers are also used extensively as safety monitoring devices in tunnels, in underground cavities, on potentially unstable slopes, and in monitoring the performance of rock support systems.
4.4 An extensometer should be selected on the basis of its intended use, the preciseness of the measurement required, the anticipated range of deformation, and the details accompanying the installation. No single instrument is suitable for all applications.
4.5 In applications for construction in rock, precise measurements will usually allow the identification of significant, possibly dangerous, trends in rock movement; however, precise measurement is much less important than the overall pattern of movement.
4.6 Data collection of extensometers can be simple or low tech, such as manual readings at the instrument location, or complex or high tech where there are electronic readings taken at the site and either downloaded at the instrument locations or transmitted to a data collection and analysis center.
4.7 It is important to realize the pros and cons and costs between each type of extensometers. In the case of manual readings, not as much data may be collected, important data may be missed and the person taking the readings may be put in harm’s way and may not be able to safely continue collecting data just when the data is needed the most or becomes more important. Whereas, with electronic data collection as the system becomes more sophisticated, the data collected can be done more safely, provide important data that might be missed, and may allow for real-time data analyses that are timelier and more accurate.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description, application, selection, installation, data collecting, and data reduction of the various types of contact type extensometers used in the field of rock mechanics. Laser or other non-contact extensometers are not covered here.
1.2 Limitations of each type of extensometer system are covered in Section 5.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Add if appropriate, “Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspec...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4403 − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Extensometers Used in Rock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4403; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
1.1 This practice covers the description, application,
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
selection, installation, data collecting, and data reduction of the
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
various types of contact type extensometers used in the field of
nor should this document be applied without consideration of
rock mechanics. Laser or other non-contact extensometers are
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
not covered here.
title of this document means only that the document has been
1.2 Limitations of each type of extensometer system are
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
covered in Section 5.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
asthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesaremathemati-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cal conversions to SI units that are provided for information
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
only and are not considered standard. Add if appropriate,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
“Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Practice D6026.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
2. Referenced Documents
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
2
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
Fluids
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
methods for engineering design.
Data
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
3. Terminology
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered 3.1 Definitions—Terms not defined below may appear in
as requirements of the standard. Terminology D653.
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
4. Significance and Use
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
4.1 Extensometers are widely used in the field of engineer-
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
ing and include most devices used to measure displacements,
separation, settlements, convergence, and the like.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.23 on Field Instrumen-
2
tation. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4403–12. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4403-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyrig
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4403 − 12 D4403 − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Extensometers Used in Rock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4403; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the description, application, selection, installation, data collecting, and data reduction of the various
types of contact type extensometers used in the field of rock mechanics. Laser or other non-contact extensometers are not covered
here.
1.2 Limitations of each type of extensometer system are covered in Section 5.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information purposes only.only and are not considered standard. Add if appropriate,
“Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement.judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the
adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s
many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through
the ASTM consensus process.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.23 on Field Instrumentation.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2012Jan. 1, 2020. Published November 2012March 2020. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20052012
as D4403–84(2005).D4403–12. DOI: 10.1520/D4403-12.10.1520/D4403-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
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