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ASTM D4553-18

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Creep Characteristics of Rock

Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Creep Characteristics of Rock

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Results of this test method are used to predict time-dependent deformation characteristics of a rock mass resulting from loading. It is a test that may be required depending on rock type or anticipated loads, or both.  
5.2 This test method may be useful in structural design analysis where loading is applied over an extensive period.  
5.3 This test method is normally performed at ambient temperature in the field, but equipment can be modified or substituted for operations at other temperatures.  
5.4 Results of this test method may be useful in verifying laboratory creep data and structural mathematical modeling analyses.  
5.5 Creep characteristics are determined under a nonuniform state of stress within the rock mass underneath the plate.  
5.6 If during a field investigation, time-dependent characteristics are detected, then an in situ creep test shall be performed.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the preparation, equipment, test procedure, and data documentation for determining in situ creep characteristics of a rock mass using a rigid plate loading method.  
1.2 This test method is designed to be conducted in an adit or small underground chamber; however, with suitable modifications, this test could be conducted at the surface.  
1.3 The test is usually conducted parallel or perpendicular to the anticipated axis of thrust, as dictated by the design load or other orientations, based upon the application.  
1.4 Flexible plate apparatus can be used if the anticipated creep displacement is within the tolerance of the travel of the flat jacks.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In the system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the units for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal of significant digits in the specified limit.  
1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of t...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2018
ICS
07.040 - Astronomy. Geodesy. Geography
93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.12 - Rock Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4394-17 - Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Mass Using Rigid Plate Loading Method
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Refers
ASTM D3740-19 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
Effective Date
01-Oct-2019
Refers
ASTM D4403-20 - Standard Practice for Extensometers Used in Rock
Effective Date
01-Jan-2020
Refers
ASTM D653-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
Effective Date
01-Aug-2014
Referred By
ASTM D420-18 - Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018

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ASTM D4553-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Creep Characteristics of RockASTM D4553-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Creep Characteristics of Rock
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ASTM D4553-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Creep Characteristics of Rock
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4553 − 18
Standard Test Method for
1
Determining In Situ Creep Characteristics of Rock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4553; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
1.1 This test method covers the preparation, equipment, test
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
procedure, and data documentation for determining in situ
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
creep characteristics of a rock mass using a rigid plate loading
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
method.
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
1.2 This test method is designed to be conducted in an adit
analysis methods for engineering data.
or small underground chamber; however, with suitable
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
modifications, this test could be conducted at the surface.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 Thetestisusuallyconductedparallelorperpendicularto
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the anticipated axis of thrust, as dictated by the design load or
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
other orientations, based upon the application.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific precaution statements, see Section 8.
1.4 Flexible plate apparatus can be used if the anticipated
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
creep displacement is within the tolerance of the travel of the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
flat jacks.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
informationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard.Reportingof
testresultsinunitsotherthaninch-poundshallnotberegarded
2. Referenced Documents
as nonconformance with this standard.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
when dealing with inch-pound units. In the system, the pound
Fluids
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the units for
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F =
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
ma) calculations are involved.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
D4394Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Deformation of Rock Mass Using Rigid Plate Loading
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
Method
1.6.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated
D4403Practice for Extensometers Used in Rock
value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated
D4879Guide for Geotechnical Mapping of Large Under-
3
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal of significant
ground Openings in Rock (Withdrawn 2017)
digits in the specified limit.
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.6.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
Data
recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the
3. Terminology
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
3.1 Definitions:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4553–08, which The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
was withdrawn Jan
...

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5.5 Units:  
5.5.1 Conversions—The permeability of a formation is often expressed in terms of the unit darcy. A porous medium has a permeability of 1 darcy when a fluid of viscosity ...
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1.1 This test method covers a field procedure for determining the transmissivity and storativity of geological formations having permeabilities lower than 10−3 μm2 (1 millidarcy) using the pressure pulse technique.  
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ASTM D4631-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using Pressure Pulse Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method—The pulse test method is used to determine the transmissivity and storativity of low-permeability formations surrounding the packed-off intervals. This test method is considerably shorter in duration than the pumping and slug tests used in more permeable rocks. To obtain results to the desired accuracy, pumping and slug tests in low-permeability formations are too time consuming, as indicated in Fig. 1 (from Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1)).4  
5.2 transmissivity, T—the transmissivity of a formation of thickness, b, is defined as follows:
   where:  
  K  =  equivalent formation hydraulic conductivity (efhc).  
The efhc is the hydraulic conductivity of a material if it were homogeneous and porous over the entire interval. The hydraulic conductivity, K, is related to the equivalent formation, k, as follows:
     where:  
  ρ  =  fluid density,   μ  =  fluid viscosity, and   g  =  acceleration due to gravity.    
5.3 storativity, S—the storativity (or storage coefficient) of a formation of thickness, b, is defined as follows:
   where:  
  Ss  =  equivalent bulk rock specific storage (ebrss).  
The ebrss is defined as the specific storage of a material if it were homogeneous and porous over the entire interval. The specific storage is given as follows:
    where:  
  Cb  =  bulk rock compressibility,   Cw  =  fluid compressibility, and   n  =  formation porosity.    
5.4 Analysis—The transient pressure data obtained using the suggested method are evaluated by the curve-matching technique described by Bredehoeft and Papadopulos (1), or by an analytical technique proposed by Wang et al (2). The latter is particularly useful for interpreting pulse tests when only the early-time transient pressure decay data are available.  
5.5 Units:  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the arc rating of a hand protective product material, or a combination of hand protective product materials.  
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SCOPE
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ASTM
ASTM F1911-05(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Installation of Barbed Tape

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to provide standard requirements utilizing specialized equipment and hand tools.  
4.2 Ensure that the barbed tape is fabricated from acceptable material and well constructed. Field verification of the barbed tape's acceptability shall be in accordance with the project's specifications and this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation procedure for barbed tape.  
1.2 The primary purpose of this practice is to guide those responsible for or concerned with the installation of barbed tape on chain link fences, masonry walls, roofs or used as ground barriers. This standard is not intended to cover aspects of perimeter security for establishing levels of product performance or give analysis relating to various design comparisons.  
1.3 This standard involves the use of material, that may cause injury, including exposure to hazardous materials, and operation of specialized equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4861-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Selection of Analytical Techniques for Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use primarily for non-occupational exposure monitoring in domiciles, public access buildings, and offices.  
5.2 The methods described in this practice have been successfully applied to measurement of pesticides and PCBs in outdoor air and for personal respiratory exposure monitoring.  
5.3 A broad spectrum of pesticides are commonly used in and around the house and for insect control in public and commercial buildings. Other semivolatile organic chemicals, such as PCBs, are also often present in indoor air, particularly in large office buildings. This practice promotes needed precision and bias in the determination of many of these airborne chemicals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of air for a variety of common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and provides guidance on the selection of appropriate analytical measurement methods. Other compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated naphthalenes may be efficiently collected from air by this practice, but guidance on their analytical determination is not covered by this practice.  
1.2 The sampling and analysis of PCBs in air can be more complicated than sampling PCBs in solid media (for example, soils, building materials) or liquids (for example, transformer fluids). PCBs in solid or liquid material are typically analyzed using Aroclor2 distillation groups in chromatograms. In contrast, recent research has shown that analysis of PCBs in air samples by GC-ECD has also been found to exhibit potential uncertainties due to changes in the PCB patterns, differences in responses in distillation groups, peak co-elutions and differences in response factors within a homolog group (1, 2).3 As such it is recommended that PCBs in air not be quantified using AroclorTM distillation groups. In addition, it is recommended that analysis of PCBs in air be done using GC-MS rather than GC-ECD. Any mention, to outdated practices for “Aroclor” and GC-ECD analysis of PCBs herein are retained solely for historical perspective.  
1.3 A complete listing of pesticides and other semivolatile organic chemicals for which this practice has been tested is shown in Table 1.  
1.4 This practice is based on the collection of chemicals from air onto polyurethane foam (PUF) or a combination of PUF and granular sorbent (for example, diphenyl oxide, styrene-divinylbenzene), or a granular sorbent alone.  
1.5 This practice is applicable to multicomponent atmospheres, 0.001 μg/m3 to 50 μg/m3 concentrations, and 4 h to 24 h sampling periods. The limit of detection will depend on the nature of the analyte and the length of the sampling period.  
1.6 The analytical method(s) recommended will depend on the specific chemical(s) sought, the concentration level, and the degree of specificity required.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see 10.24 and A1.1.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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