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ASTM D2945-90(1998)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils

Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating oils of low and medium viscosities in the general range of 100 SUS and below at 100°F (37.8°C), and is suitable for field or laboratory use.  Note 1-For testing insulating oils with viscosities above 100 SUS, see Test Method D831. For individual gas concentrations, see Method D3612.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1998
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.03 - Analytical Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2945-90(2003) - Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils
Effective Date
23-Feb-1990

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ASTM D2945-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating OilsASTM D2945-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils
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ASTM D2945-90(1998) - Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Insulating Oils
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact
ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2945 – 90 (Reapproved 1998)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Gas Content of Insulating Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope gas content transformer oil in order to prevent foaming and to
avoid air pockets that might result in gaseous ionization. This
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gas
procedure provides a simple method to measure the gas content
content of electrical insulating oils of low and medium
of the oil, and may be used as a factory-control test and as a
viscosities in the general range of 100 SUS and below at 100°F
control or functional test in installation and maintenance work
(37.8°C), and is suitable for field or laboratory use.
by utilities.
NOTE 1—For testing insulating oils with viscosities above 100 SUS, see
Test Method D 831. For individual gas concentrations, see Method
5. Apparatus
D 3612.
5.1 Dissolved Gas Content Analyser—Fig. 1 shows the
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
assembled instrument, not drawn to scale, to permit magnifi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cation of small details. A borosilicate glass gas buret, 100-mL
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 1
capacity, graduated in ⁄5-mL divisions, serves as a vacuum
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
chamber. A three-way stopcock, 120° bore with TFE-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
fluorocarbon plug, 3 stem, 2-mm bore is fused to the buret or
joined by a vinyl sleeve so that the joint is vacuum tight.
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.1 Rubber Vacuum Tubing—About 1200 mm of 8-mm
2.1 ASTM Standards:
rubber vacuum tubing is securely fastened with a 20-mm
D 831 Test Method for Gas Content of Cable and Capacitor
Hoffman pinch clamp to the lower tip of the buret, while the
Oils
other end is secured to a 250-mL capacity leveling bulb.
D 3612 Test Method for Analysis of Gases Dissolved in
5.1.2 Stubs 20 Gage Needle—A short section, about 40 mm
Electrical Insulating Oil by Gas Chromatography
long, is cut and cemented to the three-way stopcock, Fig. 2.
D 3613 Practice for Sampling Insulating Liquids for Gas
This serves to accommodate the vinyl tubing attached to the
Analysis and Determination of Water Content
syringe. All the glassware should be clamped to a suitable 1500
by 700 by 20-mm mounting board with rubber-covered wall-
3. Summary of Test Method
type clamps.
3.1 This test method consists essentially of allowing oil to
5.1.3 Metal Rod, 12 mm, 1500 mm long, fitted with an
flow into an evacuated chamber as a thin film so that the oil is
adjustable leveling bulb support is fastened to the wooden
thoroughly exposed to the vacuum, allowing free volatilization
apparatus mounting board as in 5.1.2.
of the gaseous component. The system is brought back to
5.2 Syringe Assembly (see Fig. 3)—A 50-mL Luer syringe
atmospheric pressure, and the evolved gases measured. From
with 5-mL subdivisions or a 5-mL Luer syringe with ⁄5-mL
the volume of oil degassed in the chamber and the volume of
subdivisions is fitted with a 150-mm length of 0.8-mm inside
released gas, the percent gas content may be estimated. The
diameter capillary vinyl tubing. An upper and lower collar of
apparatus used produces the necessary vacuum without resort-
plastic or metal is attached to the syringe to support the rubber
ing to use of a vacuum pump. This test method partially
bands required to create positive pressure in the syringe.
degases the oil. The degree of degasification varies with the
A20-mm Hoffman pinch clamp is used on the capillary tubing
solubility of each gas in the oil.
after sampling.
5.3 Oil Sampler (see Fig. 3)—A 3.2-mm tee is fitted with a
4. Significance and Use
syringe needle stem in one arm and a short length of 6.4-mm.
4.1 In filling electrical apparatus, it is desirable to use low
Vinyl tubing is attached to the other arm. During sampling, the
tee is attached to the sampling valve and the vinyl capillary
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-27 on
tubing of the syringe assembly is attached to the needle of the
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
tee.
mittee D27.03on Analytical Tests.
5.4 Mercury Reservoir—A 250-mL capacity leveling bulb is
Current edition approved Feb. 23, 1990. Published April 1990. Originally
published as D 2945 – 71. Last previous edition D 2945 – 84. filled with 4.5 kg (10 lb) of mercury.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.
NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superceded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or¬discontinued.¬
Contact¬ASTM¬International¬(www.astm.org)¬for¬the¬latest¬information.¬
D 2945
1 gas buret, capacity 100 mL, graduated in ⁄5-mL divisions
1 stopcock, 120° bore with TFE fluorocarbon plug, 3 stems, 2-mm bore
1 leveling bulb, capacity 250 mL
1 beaker, capacity 250 mL
1200 mm (4 ft) vacuum rubber tubing, 8-mm ( ⁄16-in.) inside diameter
2 rubber tubing clamps, adjustable, cadmium-plated steel
2-pinch clamps, Hoffman swivel jaw, screw compressor, ⁄4 by 1 in. for vinyl tubing for 5 and 50-mL syringes
1 pinch clamp, Hoffman screw compressor for rubber tubing, ⁄4 by 1 in.
6 clamps, wall type with wood screw to support buret, stopcock, and rod
1 leveling bulb support, adjustable, Fisher-Castaloy-R, self-locking
1 rod, diameter 12 mm ( ⁄2 in.), length 1500 mm (58 in.)
1 syringe, Luer, resistance glass, 50 mL, subdivisions 5 mL
1 syringe, Luer, resistance glass, 5 mL, subdivisions ⁄5 mL
1 1
Vinyl tubing, 2.6-mm ( ⁄16-in.) inside diameter, wall thickness 1.3 mm ( ⁄32 in.), length 150 mm (6 in.)
4.5 kg (10 lb) mercury
1 needle, 50 mm long, Stubbs gage 20
1 wooden board 1500 by 700 by 20 mm (58 by 28 by ⁄8 in.)
Components for Gas-Content Apparatus
FIG. 1 Dissolved Gas Content Analyser
FIG. 2 Detail of Needle Inlet
6. Sampling maintained under slight positive pressure during the taking of
the sample, during sample transfer, and during the introduction
6.1 Samples should be drawn in accordance wit
...

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3.1 In most of their uses, insulating liquids are continually in contact with metals that are subject to corrosion. The presence of elemental sulfur or corrosive sulfur compounds will result in deterioration of these metals and cause conductive or high resistive films to form. The extent of deterioration is dependent upon the quantity and type of corrosive agent and time and temperature factors. Detection of these undesirable impurities, even though not in terms of quantitative values, is a means for recognizing the hazard involved.  
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ASTM D923-15(2023)(Practice)
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4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.  
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1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D3612), water (D1533) and particles (D6786).  
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:    
Section Title  
Section/Paragraph  
Mandatory Conditions and General Information  
Section 5  
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers  
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2  
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus  
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Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2  
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1.1 This test method covers and is intended as a rapid method for the evaluation of the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing a synthetic oxidation inhibitor. This test is considered of value in checking the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, or both, in order to control the continuity of this property from shipment to shipment. The applicability of this procedure for use with inhibited mineral insulating oils of more than 12 cSt at 40 °C (approximately 65 SUS at 100 °F) has not been established.  
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5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
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1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP  
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4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.  
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1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.  
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1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
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1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
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This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SCOPE
1.1 This test method for visual examination is applicable to electrical insulating liquids that have been used in transformers, oil circuit breakers, or other electrical apparatus as insulating or cooling media, or both.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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    English language
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