D27.03 - Analytical Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 μg/kg through 100 μg/kg range.  
5.2 This test method can be used to monitor equipment condition and help to define when corrective action is needed. It can also be used to detect contamination such as from silicone fluids (via Silicon) or from dirt (via Silicon and Aluminum).  
5.3 This test method can be used to indicate the efficiency of reclaiming used insulating oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.    
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.2  
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.  
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).  
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Furanic compounds are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment.  
5.2 Furanic compounds which are oil soluble to an appreciable degree will migrate into the insulating liquid.  
5.3 High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of furanic compounds in oil may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for furanic compounds may be used to complement dissolved gas in oil analysis as performed in accordance with Test Method D3612.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination in electrical insulating liquids of products of the degradation of cellulosic materials such as paper, pressboard, and cotton materials typically found as insulating materials in electrical equipment. These degradation products are substituted furan derivatives, commonly referred to as furanic compounds or furans. This test method allows either liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction (SPE) of the furanic compounds from the sample matrix followed by analysis for specific furanic compounds by HPLC or direct injection for analysis of specific furanic compounds by HPLC.  
1.2 The individual furanic compounds that may be identified and quantified include the following:    
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde    
furfuryl alcohol  
2-furaldehyde    
2-acetylfuran    
5-methyl-2-furaldehyde  
1.3 The direct injection method generally has a higher limit of detection, especially for furfuryl alcohol. Greater interference for furfuryl alcohol may be expected when using the direct injection method as opposed to extraction methods.  
1.4 This test method has been used to successfully test for furanic compounds in mineral insulating oil, silicone fluid, high fire point electrical insulating oils of mineral origin, askarels, and perchloroethylene-based dielectric fluids.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.  
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).  
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).  
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Electrical insulating oil may contain small amounts of dissolved metals derived either directly from the base oil or from contact with metals during refining or service. When copper is present, it acts as a catalyst in promoting oxidation of the oil. This test method is useful for research for new oils and to assess the condition of service-aged oils. Consideration should be given to the limits of detection outlined in the scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm or 0.1 mg/kg. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.  
Note 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).  
Note 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.  
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.  
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.  
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Methanol and ethanol are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment. More particularly, methanol comes from the depolymerization of cellulosic materials.3, 4, 5, 6  
5.2 Methanol and ethanol, which are soluble in an insulating liquid to an appreciable degree, will proportionally migrate to that liquid after being produced from the cellulose.  
5.3 High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of methanol or ethanol, or both, in an insulating liquid may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for these alcohols may be used to complement dissolved gas-in-oil analysis and furanic compounds as performed in accordance with Test Methods D3612 and D5837 respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of by-products of cellulosic materials degradation found in electrical insulation systems that are immersed in insulating liquid. Such materials include paper, pressboard, wood and cotton materials. This test method allows the analysis of methanol and ethanol from the sample matrix by headspace GC-MS or GC-FID.  
1.2 This test method has been used to test for methanol and ethanol in mineral insulating liquids and less flammable electrical insulating liquids of mineral origin as defined in D3487 and D5222 respectively. Currently, this method is not a practical application for ester liquids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Generation of combustible gases is used to determine the condition of oil-filled electrical apparatus. Many years of empirical evidence has yielded guidelines such as those given in IEEE C57.104, IEC 60599 and IEC 61464. Industry experience has shown that electric and thermal faults in oil-filled electrical apparatus are the usual sources that generate gases. Experience has shown that some of the gases could form in the oil due to thermal stress or as a result of contamination, without any other influences.  
5.2 Some transformer oils subjected to thermal stress and oils that contain certain types of contamination may produce specific gases at lower temperatures than normally expected for their generation and hence, falsely indicate abnormal operation of the electrical apparatus. Some new oils have produced large amounts of gases, especially hydrogen, without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This renders interpretation of the dissolved gas analysis more complicated.  
5.3 Heating for 164 h has been found to be sufficient to reach a stable and characteristic gassing pattern.  
5.4 This method uses both dry air and dry nitrogen as the sparging gas. This is to reflect either an electrical apparatus preservation system that allows oxygen to contact the oil or one that is sealed from the outside atmosphere. Oils sparged with air generally produce much more hydrogen as a percentage of the total combustible gas content as compared to oils sparged with nitrogen as these produce more hydrocarbons in relation to hydrogen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the gassing characteristics due to thermal stress at 120°C of insulating liquids specifically and without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This test method was primarily designed for insulating mineral oil. It can be applied to other insulating liquids in which dissolved gas-in-oil analysis (Test Method D3612) is commonly performed.  
1.2 This test method is particularly suited for detection of the phenomenon sometimes known as “stray gassing” and is also referred to in CIGRE TF11 B39.  
1.3 This test method is performed on transformer insulating liquids to determine the propensity of the oil to produce certain gases such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons at low temperatures.  
1.4 This test method details two procedures:  
1.5 Method A describes the procedure for determining the gassing characteristics of insulating liquids, at 120°C for 164 h.  
1.6 Method B describes the procedure for processing the insulating liquid through an attapulgite clay column to remove organic contaminants and other reactive groups that may influence the gassing behavior of an insulating liquid, which is suspected of being contaminated. This procedure applies to both new and used insulating liquids.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. English units are used when there is no metric equivalent.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The gas content of cable and capacitor oils is considered to be important, since the evolution of gas in the form of bubbles can have an adverse effect on the insulating properties of these fluids. It is customary to degas these oils prior to use, and this test method provides a means of determining the gas content before and after degassing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating oils of low and medium viscosities in the general range up to 190 mm2/s at 104°F [40°C], such as are used in capacitors and paper-insulated electric cables and cable systems of the oil-filled type. The determination of gas content is desirable for any insulating oil having these properties and intended for use in a degassed state.
Note 1: For testing insulating oils with viscosities of 19 mm2/s or below at 40°C, see Test Method D2945.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Arcing, partial discharge, and localized overheating in the insulation system of transformers result in chemical decomposition of the insulating oil and other insulating materials. This may generate various gases, some of which are combustible. Typically, gases are generated in the oil and then partitioned into the gas space according to their individual solubilities. Gases which are highly oil-soluble, such as acetylene, may not be in significant quantities in the gas space until an incipient fault has progressed to a very serious condition or failure of the transformer. Gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen which have low solubilities in oil can make up a large fraction of the combustible gases in the gas space. Detection of these gases is frequently the first available indication of a malfunction. Portable combustible gas meters are a convenient means of detecting the presence of generated gases.  
4.2 Normal operation of a transformer may result in the formation of some combustible gases. The detection of an incipient fault by this method involves an evaluation of the amount of combustible gases present, the rate of generation of these gases, and their rate of escape from the transformer. Refer to IEEE C57.104 for detailed information on interpretation of gassing in transformers.
SCOPE
1.1 This field practice covers the detection and estimation of combustible gases in the gas blanket above the oil or in gas detector relays in transformers using portable instruments. It is applicable only with transformers using mineral oil as the dielectric fluid. Gases dissolved in the oil and noncombustible gases are not determined. A method of calibrating the instruments with a known gas mixture is included.  
1.2 This practice affords a semi-quantitative estimate of the total combustible gases present in a gas mixture. If a more accurate determination of the total amount of combustible gases or a quantitative determination of the individual components is desired, use a laboratory analytical method, such as Test Method D3612.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In new electrical insulating oil, this test method provides a quantitative measure of the amounts of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol that have been added to the oil. In a used oil, the test measures the amount of these inhibitors remaining in the oil. This test method is suitable for manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation.  
4.2 This test method is used to separate, identify, and quantify the inhibitors with minimal interference and matrix effects.  
4.3 This test method has also been used successfully to determine the inhibitor concentrations in other insulating liquids such as esters and high-temperature hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by gas chromatography of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in new and used insulating liquids at concentrations up to 0.5 %. It includes the determination in Type I and II insulating mineral oils as specified in Specification D3487, but has also been used to measure these inhibitors in other insulating liquids, such as esters and high fire-point hydrocarbons.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Air and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) are two contaminants of interest in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Both of these contaminants adversely affect the performance of SF6 when used as an electrical insulating gas. Specification for maximum levels of these contaminants are given in Specification D2472.  
4.2 Gas chromatography is used to separate these contaminants from a sample of SF6 and to determine their concentration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of air (Note 1) and carbon tetrafluoride as impurities in sulfur hexafluoride.  
Note 1: Nitrogen, oxygen, or any of their mixtures is considered to be air. Commercial grade air or nitrogen is used for standardization.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 United States governmental regulations mandate that electrical apparatus and electrical insulating fluids containing PCB be handled and disposed of through specific procedures. The procedure to be used for a particular apparatus or quantity of insulating fluid is determined by the PCB content of the fluid. The results of this analytical technique can be useful in selecting the appropriate handling and disposal procedure.  
5.2 Quantification in this technique requires a peak-by-peak comparison of the chromatogram of an unknown specimen with that of standard Aroclor test specimens obtained under identical conditions. The amount of PCB producing each peak in the standard chromatogram shall be known independently.  
5.3 The technique described is based on data for standard chromatograms of Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260 obtained using specific chromatographic column packing materials and operating conditions.4 Relevant chromatograms are reproduced in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 35, for isothermal packed columns and in Figs. X4.1 through X4.3) for temperature programmed mega-bore capillary columns. Each peak is identified by its retention time relative to that of a standard. The types and amounts of PCB associated with each peak have been determined by mass spectroscopy and are given in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.4 Other chromatographic operating conditions, and in particular, other column packing materials, may give different separations. The data given in the tables should not be used if chromatograms of the standards differ significantly from those shown in the figures. The peaks in such standard chromatograms shall be independently identified and quantified.  
5.4 Different isomers of PCB with the same number of chlorine substituents can cause substantially different responses from EC detectors. Mixtures of PCB containing the same amount of PCB, but with a different ratio of isomers, can give quite different chromatograms. This technique is effective only when...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a quantitative determination of the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in electrical insulating liquids by gas chromatography. It also applies to the determination of PCB present in mixtures known as askarels, used as electrical insulating liquids.  
1.2 The PCB mixtures known as Aroclors2 were used in the formulation of the PCB-containing askarels manufactured in the United States. This test method may be applied to the determination of PCBs in insulating liquids contaminated by either individual Aroclors or mixtures of Aroclors. This technique may not be applicable to the determination of PCBs from other sources of contamination.  
1.3 The precision and bias of this test method have been established only for PCB concentrations in electrical insulating mineral oils and silicones. The use of this test method has not been demonstrated for all insulating fluids. Some insulating liquids, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, interfere with the detection of PCBs and cannot be tested without pretreatment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Oil and oil-immersed electrical insulation materials may decompose under the influence of thermal and electrical stresses, and in doing so, generate gaseous decomposition products of varying composition which dissolve in the oil. The nature and amount of the individual component gases that may be recovered and analyzed may be indicative of the type and degree of the abnormality responsible for the gas generation. The rate of gas generation and changes in concentration of specific gases over time are also used to evaluate the condition of the electric apparatus.
Note 1: Guidelines for the interpretation of gas-in-oil data are given in IEEE C57.104.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for extraction and measurement of gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of 20 cSt (100 SUS) or less at 40°C (104°F), and the identification and determination of the individual component gases extracted. Other methods have been used to perform this analysis.  
1.2 The individual component gases that may be identified and determined include:    
Hydrogen—H2  
Oxygen—O2  
Nitrogen—N2  
Carbon monoxide—CO  
Carbon dioxide—CO2  
Methane—CH4  
Ethane—C2H6  
Ethylene—C2H4  
Acetylene—C2H2  
Propane—C3H8  
Propylene—C3H6  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see 6.1.8, 30.2.2 and 30.3.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Furanic compounds are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment.  
5.2 Furanic compounds which are oil soluble to an appreciable degree will migrate into the insulating liquid.  
5.3 High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of furanic compounds in oil may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for furanic compounds may be used to complement dissolved gas in oil analysis as performed in accordance with Test Method D3612.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination in electrical insulating liquids of products of the degradation of cellulosic materials such as paper, pressboard, and cotton materials typically found as insulating materials in electrical equipment. These degradation products are substituted furan derivatives, commonly referred to as furanic compounds or furans. This test method allows either liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction (SPE) of the furanic compounds from the sample matrix followed by analysis for specific furanic compounds by HPLC or direct injection for analysis of specific furanic compounds by HPLC.  
1.2 The individual furanic compounds that may be identified and quantified include the following:    
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde    
furfuryl alcohol  
2-furaldehyde    
2-acetylfuran    
5-methyl-2-furaldehyde  
1.3 The direct injection method generally has a higher limit of detection, especially for furfuryl alcohol. Greater interference for furfuryl alcohol may be expected when using the direct injection method as opposed to extraction methods.  
1.4 This test method has been used to successfully test for furanic compounds in mineral insulating oil, silicone fluid, high fire point electrical insulating oils of mineral origin, askarels, and perchloroethylene-based dielectric fluids.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 through 100 μg/kg range.  
5.2 This test method can be used to monitor equipment condition and help to define when corrective action is needed. It can also be used to detect contamination such as from silicone fluids (via Silicon) or from dirt (via Silicon and Aluminum).  
5.3 This test method can be used to indicate the efficiency of reclaiming used insulating oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.  (A) These wavelengths are only suggested and do not represent all possible choices.  
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.2  
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.  
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).  
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Generation of combustible gases is used to determine the condition of oil-filled electrical apparatus. Many years of empirical evidence has yielded guidelines such as those given in IEEE C57.104, IEC 60599 and IEC 61464. Industry experience has shown that electric and thermal faults in oil-filled electrical apparatus are the usual sources that generate gases. Experience has shown that some of the gases could form in the oil due to thermal stress or as a result of contamination, without any other influences.  
5.2 Some transformer oils subjected to thermal stress and oils that contain certain types of contamination may produce specific gases at lower temperatures than normally expected for their generation and hence, falsely indicate abnormal operation of the electrical apparatus. Some new oils have produced large amounts of gases, especially hydrogen, without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This renders interpretation of the dissolved gas analysis more complicated.  
5.3 Heating for 164 h has been found to be sufficient to reach a stable and characteristic gassing pattern.  
5.4 This method uses both dry air and dry nitrogen as the sparging gas. This is to reflect either an electrical apparatus preservation system that allows oxygen to contact the oil or one that is sealed from the outside atmosphere. Oils sparged with air generally produce much more hydrogen as a percentage of the total combustible gas content as compared to oils sparged with nitrogen as these produce more hydrocarbons in relation to hydrogen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the gassing characteristics due to thermal stress at 120°C of insulating liquids specifically and without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This test method was primarily designed for insulating mineral oil. It can be applied to other insulating liquids in which dissolved gas-in-oil analysis (Test Method D3612) is commonly performed.  
1.2 This test method is particularly suited for detection of the phenomenon sometimes known as “stray gassing” and is also referred to in CIGRE TF11 B39.  
1.3 This test method is performed on transformer insulating liquids to determine the propensity of the oil to produce certain gases such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons at low temperatures.  
1.4 This test method details two procedures:  
1.5 Method A describes the procedure for determining the gassing characteristics of insulating liquids, at 120°C for 164 h.  
1.6 Method B describes the procedure for processing the insulating liquid through an attapulgite clay column to remove organic contaminants and other reactive groups that may influence the gassing behavior of an insulating liquid, which is suspected of being contaminated. This procedure applies to both new and used insulating liquids.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. English units are used when there is no metric equivalent.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.  
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).  
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).  
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).Note 1—The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen. Note 2—The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 to 25 μm). Note 1—While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.  
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.  
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.  
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 through 100 μg/kg range.  
5.2 This test method can be used to monitor equipment condition and help to define when corrective action is needed. It can also be used to detect contamination such as from silicone fluids (via Silicon) or from dirt (via Silicon and Aluminum).  
5.3 This test method can be used to indicate the efficiency of reclaiming used insulating oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.  
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.2  
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.  
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).  
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Electrical insulating oil may contain small amounts of dissolved metals derived either directly from the base oil or from contact with metals during refining or service. When copper is present, it acts as a catalyst in promoting oxidation of the oil. This test method is useful for research for new oils and to assess the condition of service-aged oils. Consideration should be given to the limits of detection outlined in the scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm or 0.1 mg/kg. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 for specific precautionary statements.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The gas content of cable and capacitor oils is considered to be important, since the evolution of gas in the form of bubbles can have an adverse effect on the insulating properties of these fluids. It is customary to degas these oils prior to use, and this test method provides a means of determining the gas content before and after degassing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating oils of low and medium viscosities in the general range up to 190 mm2/s at 104°F [40°C], such as are used in capacitors and paper-insulated electric cables and cable systems of the oil-filled type. The determination of gas content is desirable for any insulating oil having these properties and intended for use in a degassed state.Note 1—For testing insulating oils with viscosities of 19 mm2/s or below at 40°C, see Test Method D2945.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Furanic compounds are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment.
Furanic compounds which are oil soluble to an appreciable degree will migrate into the insulating liquid.
High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of furanic compounds in oil may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for furanic compounds may be used to complement dissolved gas in oil analysis as performed in accordance with Test Method D3612.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination in electrical insulating liquids of products of the degradation of cellulosic materials such as paper, pressboard, and cotton materials typically found as insulating materials in electrical equipment. These degradation products are substituted furan derivatives, commonly referred to as furanic compounds or furans. This test method allows either liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction (SPE) of the furanic compounds from the sample matrix followed by analysis for specific furanic compounds by HPLC or direct injection for analysis of specific furanic compounds by HPLC.
1.2 The individual furanic compounds that may be identified and quantified include the following:
  5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde  furfuryl alcohol  2-furaldehyde  2-acetylfuran  5-methyl-2-furaldehyde
1.3 The direct injection method generally has a higher limit of detection, especially for furfuryl alcohol. Greater interference for furfuryl alcohol may be expected when using the direct injection method as opposed to extraction methods.
1.4 This test method has been used to successfully test for furanic compounds in mineral insulating oil, silicone fluid, high fire point electrical insulating oils of mineral origin, askarels, and perchloroethylene-based dielectric fluids.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In new electrical insulating oil, this test method provides a quantitative measure of the amounts of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol that have been added to the oil. In a used oil, the test measures the amount of these inhibitors remaining in the oil. This test method is suitable for manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation.
This test method is used to separate, identify, and quantify the inhibitors with minimal interference and matrix effects.
This test method has also been used successfully to determine the inhibitor concentrations in other insulating liquids such as esters and high-temperature hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by gas chromatography of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in new and used insulating liquids at concentrations up to 0.5 %. It includes the determination in Type I and II insulating mineral oils as specified in Specification D3487, but has also been used to measure these inhibitors in other insulating liquids, such as esters and high fire-point hydrocarbons.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Arcing, partial discharge, and localized overheating in the insulation system of transformers result in chemical decomposition of the insulating oil and other insulating materials. This may generate various gases, some of which are combustible. Typically, gases are generated in the oil and then partitioned into the gas space according to their individual solubilities. Gases which are highly oil-soluble, such as acetylene, may not be in significant quantities in the gas space until an incipient fault has progressed to a very serious condition or failure of the transformer. Gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen which have low solubilities in oil can make up a large fraction of the combustible gases in the gas space. Detection of these gases is frequently the first available indication of a malfunction. Portable combustible gas meters are a convenient means of detecting the presence of generated gases.  
Normal operation of a transformer may result in the formation of some combustible gases. The detection of an incipient fault by this method involves an evaluation of the amount of combustible gases present, the rate of generation of these gases, and their rate of escape from the transformer. Refer to IEEE C57.104 for detailed information on interpretation of gassing in transformers.
SCOPE
1.1 This field practice covers the detection and estimation of combustible gases in the gas blanket above the oil or in gas detector relays in transformers using portable instruments. It is applicable only with transformers using mineral oil as the dielectric fluid. Gases dissolved in the oil and noncombustible gases are not determined. A method of calibrating the instruments with a known gas mixture is included.
1.2 This practice affords a semi-quantitative estimate of the total combustible gases present in a gas mixture. If a more accurate determination of the total amount of combustible gases or a quantitative determination of the individual components is desired, use a laboratory analytical method, such as Test Method D3612.
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Air and carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) are two contaminants of interest in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Both of these contaminants adversely affect the performance of SF6 when used as an electrical insulating gas. Specification for maximum levels of these contaminants are given in Specification D2472.
Gas chromatography is used to separate these contaminants from a sample of SF6 and to determine their concentration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of air (Note 1) and carbon tetrafluoride as impurities in sulfur hexafluoride.
Note 1—Nitrogen, oxygen, or any of their mixtures is considered to be air. Commercial grade air or nitrogen is used for standardization.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
United States governmental regulations mandate that electrical apparatus and electrical insulating fluids containing PCB be handled and disposed of through specific procedures. The procedure to be used for a particular apparatus or quantity of insulating fluid is determined by the PCB content of the fluid. The results of this analytical technique can be useful in selecting the appropriate handling and disposal procedure.  
Quantification in this technique requires a peak-by-peak comparison of the chromatogram of an unknown specimen with that of standard Aroclor test specimens obtained under identical conditions. The amount of PCB producing each peak in the standard chromatogram shall be known independently.  
The technique described is based on data for standard chromatograms of Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260 obtained using specific chromatographic column packing materials and operating conditions. Relevant chromatograms are reproduced in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 , for isothermal packed columns and in Figs. X4.1 through X4.3) for temperature programmed mega-bore capillary columns. Each peak is identified by its retention time relative to that of a standard. The types and amounts of PCB associated with each peak have been determined by mass spectroscopy and are given in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. Other chromatographic operating conditions, and in particular, other column packing materials, may give different separations. The data given in the tables should not be used if chromatograms of the standards differ significantly from those shown in the figures. The peaks in such standard chromatograms shall be independently identified and quantified.
Different isomers of PCB with the same number of chlorine substituents can cause substantially different responses from EC detectors. Mixtures of PCB containing the same amount of PCB, but with a different ratio of isomers, can give quite different chromatograms. This technique is effective only when the standard PCB m...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a quantitative determination of the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in electrical insulating liquids by gas chromatography. It also applies to the determination of PCB present in mixtures known as askarels, used as electrical insulating liquids.  
1.2 The PCB mixtures known as Aroclors were used in the formulation of the PCB-containing askarels manufactured in the United States. This test method may be applied to the determination of PCBs in insulating liquids contaminated by either individual Aroclors or mixtures of Aroclors. This technique may not be applicable to the determination of PCBs from other sources of contamination.
1.3 The precision and bias of this test method have been established only for PCB concentrations in electrical insulating mineral oils and silicones. The use of this test method has not been demonstrated for all insulating fluids. Some insulating liquids, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, interfere with the detection of PCBs and cannot be tested without pretreatment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Oil and oil-immersed electrical insulation materials may decompose under the influence of thermal and electrical stresses, and in doing so, generate gaseous decomposition products of varying composition which dissolve in the oil. The nature and amount of the individual component gases that may be recovered and analyzed may be indicative of the type and degree of the abnormality responsible for the gas generation. The rate of gas generation and changes in concentration of specific gases over time are also used to evaluate the condition of the electric apparatus.
Note 1—Guidelines for the interpretation of gas-in-oil data are given in IEEE C57.104.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for extraction and measurement of gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of 20 cSt (100 SUS) or less at 40°C (104°F), and the identification and determination of the individual component gases extracted. Other methods have been used to perform this analysis.
1.2 The individual component gases that may be identified and determined include:
  Hydrogen—H2  Oxygen—O2  Nitrogen—N2  Carbon monoxide—CO  Carbon dioxide—CO2  Methane—CH4  Ethane—C2H6  Ethylene—C2H4  Acetylene—C2H2  Propane—C3H8  Propylene—C3H6
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see 6.1.8, 30.2.2 and 30.3.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.
When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm−1).
When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).
Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm−1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1—The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.
Note 2—The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 to 400 cm-1 (2.5 to 25 μm). Note 1 - While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E 932.
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.
1.4 Warning-Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Furanic compounds are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment.
Furanic compounds which are oil soluble to an appreciable degree will migrate into the insulating liquid.
High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of furanic compounds in oil may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for furanic compounds may be used to complement dissolved gas in oil analysis as performed in accordance with Test Method D 3612.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination in electrical insulating liquids of products of the degradation of cellulosic materials such as paper, pressboard, and cotton materials typically found as insulating materials in electrical equipment. These degradation products are substituted furan derivatives, commonly referred to as furanic compounds or furans. This test method allows either liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction (SPE) of the furanic compounds from the sample matrix followed by analysis for specific furanic compounds by HPLC or direct injection for analysis of specific furanic compounds by HPLC.
1.2 The individual furanic compounds that may be identified and quantified include the following:5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehydefurfuryl alcohol2-furaldehyde2-acetylfuran5-methyl-2-furaldehyde
1.3 The direct injection method generally has a higher limit of detection, especially for furfuryl alcohol. Greater interference for furfuryl alcohol may be expected when using the direct injection method as opposed to extraction methods.
1.4 This test method has been used to successfully test for furanic compounds in mineral insulating oil, silicone fluid, high fire point electrical insulating oils of mineral origin, askarels, and perchloroethylene based dielectric fluids.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Electrical insulating oil may contain small amounts of dissolved metals derived either directly from the base oil or from contact with metals during refining or service. When copper is present, it acts as a catalyst in promoting oxidation of the oil. This test method is useful for research for new oils and to assess the condition of service-aged oils. Consideration should be given to the limits of detection outlined in the scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm or 0.1 mg/kg. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See for specific precautionary statements.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Generation of combustible gases is used to determine the condition of oil-filled electrical apparatus. Many years of empirical evidence has yielded guidelines such as those given in IEEE C57.104, IEC 60599 and IEC 61464. Industry experience has shown that electric and thermal faulted in oil-filled electrical apparatus are the usual sources that generate gases. Experience has shown that some of the gases could form in the oil at low temperatures or as a result of contamination, without any other influences.
Some severely hydro-treated transformer oils subjected to thermal stress and oils that contain certain types of contamination may produce specific gases at lower temperatures than normally expected for their generation and hence, falsely indicate abnormal operation of the electrical apparatus. Some new oils have produced large amounts of gases, especially hydrogen, without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This renders interpretation of the dissolved gas analysis more complicated.
Heating for 164 h has been found to be a sufficient amount of time to reach a stable and characteristic gassing pattern.
This method uses both dry air and dry nitrogen as the sparging gas. This is to reflect either a electrical apparatus preservation system that allows oxygen to contact the oil or one that is sealed from the outside atmosphere. Oils sparged with air generally produce much more hydrogen as a percentage of the total combustible gas content as compared to oils sparged with nitrogen as these produce more hydrocarbons in relation to hydrogen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures to determine the low temperature (120C) gassing characteristics of insulating liquids specifically and without the influence of other electrical apparatus materials or electrical stresses. This test method was primarily designed for insulating mineral oil. It can be applied to other insulating liquids in which dissolved gas-in-oil analysis (Test Method D 3612) is commonly performed.
1.2 This test method is particularly suited for detection of the phenomenon sometimes known as "stray gassing" and is also referred to in CIGRE TF11 B39.
1.3 This test method is performed on transformer insulating liquids to determine the propensity of the oil to produce certain gases such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons at low temperatures.
1.4 This test method details two procedures:
1.5 Method A describes the procedure for determining the gassing characteristics of a new, unused insulating liquid, as received, at 120C for 164 h.
1.6 Method B describes the procedure for processing the insulating liquid through an attapulgite clay column to remove organic contaminants and other reactive groups that may influence the gassing behavior of an insulating liquid, which is suspected of being contaminated. This procedure applies to both new and used insulating liquids.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Arcing, partial discharge, and localized overheating in the insulation system of transformers result in chemical decomposition of the insulating oil and other insulating materials. This may generate various gases, some of which are combustible. Typically, gases are generated in the oil and then partitioned into the gas space according to their individual solubilities. Gases which are highly oil-soluble, such as acetylene, may not be in significant quantities in the gas space until an incipient fault has progressed to a very serious condition or failure of the transformer. Gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen which have low solubilities in oil can make up a large fraction of the combustible gases in the gas space. Detection of these gases is frequently the first available indication of a malfunction. Portable combustible gas meters are a convenient means of detecting the presence of generated gases.  
Normal operation of a transformer may result in the formation of some combustible gases. The detection of an incipient fault by this method involves an evaluation of the amount of combustible gases present, the rate of generation of these gases, and their rate of escape from the transformer. Refer to IEEE C57.104 for detailed information on interpretation of gassing in transformers.
SCOPE
1.1 This field practice covers the detection and estimation of combustible gases in the gas blanket above the oil or in gas detector relays in transformers using portable instruments. It is applicable only with transformers using mineral oil as the dielectric fluid. Gases dissolved in the oil and noncombustible gases are not determined. A method of calibrating the instruments with a known gas mixture is included.
1.2 This practice affords a semi-quantitative estimate of the total combustible gases present in a gas mixture. If a more accurate determination of the total amount of combustible gases or a quantitative determination of the individual components is desired, use a laboratory analytical method, such as Test Method D 3612.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a quantitative determination of the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in electrical insulating liquids by gas chromatography. It also applies to the determination of PCB present in mixtures known as askarels, used as electrical insulating liquids.  
1.2 The PCB mixtures known as Aroclors were used in the formulation of the PCB-containing askarels manufactured in the United States. This test method may be applied to the determination of PCBs in insulating liquids contaminated by either individual Aroclors or mixtures of Aroclors. This technique may not be applicable to the determination of PCBs from other sources of contamination.  
1.3 The precision and bias of this test method have been established only for PCB concentrations in electrical insulating mineral oils and silicones. The use of this test method has not been demonstrated for all insulating fluids. Some insulating liquids, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, interfere with the detection of PCBs and cannot be tested without pretreatment.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10-100 μg/kg range.
This test method can be used to monitor equipment condition and help to define when corrective action is needed. It can also be used to detect contamination such as from silicone fluids (via Silicon) or from dirt (via Silicon and Aluminum).
This test method can be used to indicate the efficiency of reclaiming used insulating oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D 5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which may originate from overheating) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.
1.6 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The gas content of cable and capacitor oils is considered to be important, since the evolution of gas in the form of bubbles can have an adverse effect on the insulating properties of these fluids. It is customary to degas these oils prior to use, and this test method provides a means of determining the gas content before and after degassing.
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determination of Gas Content of Cable and Capacitor Oils
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating oils of low and medium viscosities in the general range up to 190 cSt at 104°F (40°C), such as are used in capacitors and paper-insulated electric cables and cable systems of the oil-filled type. The determination of gas content is desirable for any insulating oil having these properties and intended for use in a degassed state.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  Note 1-For testing insulating oils with viscosities of 19 cSt at 40°C or below, see Test Method D2945.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In new electrical insulating oil, this test method provides a quantitative measure of the amounts of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol that have been added to the oil. In a used oil, the test measures the amount of these inhibitors remaining in the oil. This test method is suitable for manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation.
This test method is used to separate, identify, and quantify the inhibitors with minimal interference and matrix effects.
This test method has also been used successfully to determine the inhibitor concentrations in other insulating liquids such as esters and high-temperature hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by gas chromatography of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in new and used insulating liquids at concentrations up to 0.5 %. It includes the determination in Type I and II insulating mineral oils as specified in Specification D 3487, but has also been used to measure these inhibitors in other insulating liquids, such as esters and high fire-point hydrocarbons.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Oil and oil-immersed electrical insulation materials may decompose under the influence of thermal and electrical stresses, and in doing so, generate gaseous decomposition products of varying composition which dissolve in the oil. The nature and amount of the individual component gases that may be recovered and analyzed may be indicative of the type and degree of the abnormality responsible for the gas generation. The rate of gas generation and changes in concentration of specific gases over time are also used to evaluate the condition of the electric apparatus.
Note 1—Guidelines for the interpretation of gas-in-oil data are given in IEEE C57.104.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for extraction and measurement of gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of 20 cSt (100 SUS) or less at 40°C (104°F), and the identification and determination of the individual component gases extracted. Other methods have been used to perform this analysis.
1.2 The individual component gases that may be identified and determined include:
  Hydrogen—H2  Oxygen—O2  Nitrogen—N2  Carbon monoxide—CO  Carbon dioxide—CO2  Methane—CH4  Ethane—C2H6  Ethylene—C2H4  Acetylene—C2H2  Propane—C3H8  Propylene—C3H6
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see 6.1.8, 30.2.2 and 30.3.1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Oil and oil-immersed electrical insulation materials may decompose under the influence of thermal and electrical stresses, and in doing so, generate gaseous decomposition products of varying composition which dissolve in the oil. The nature and amount of the individual component gases that may be recovered and analyzed may be indicative of the type and degree of the abnormality responsible for the gas generation. The rate of gas generation and changes in concentration of specific gases over time are also used to evaluate the condition of the electric apparatus.
Note 1—Guidelines for the interpretation of gas-in-oil data are given in IEEE C57.104.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for extraction and measurement of gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of 20 cSt (100 SUS) or less at 40°C (104°F), and the identification and determination of the individual component gases extracted. Other methods have been used to perform this analysis.
1.2 The individual component gases that may be identified and determined include: Hydrogen—H2 Oxygen—O2 Nitrogen—N2 Carbon monoxide—CO Carbon dioxide—CO2 Methane—CH4 Ethane—C2H6 Ethylene—C2H4 Acetylene—C2H2 Propane—C3H8 Propylene—C3H6
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see 6.1.8, 30.2.2 and 30.3.1.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The content of dissolved decay products in insulating oils is made up of a variety of compounds, such as peroxides, aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids. Each of them is partially adsorbed on the large surface of paper insulation leading to the premature aging of power transformers. The relative assessment of byproduct formation, therefore, can be used as an indicator of the aging of the mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method characterizes by spectrophotometry the relative level of dissolved decay products in mineral insulating oils of petroleum origin. While new oil is almost transparent to a monochromatic beam of light in the visible spectrum, the increasing concentration of dissolved decay products shift the absorbance curve to longer wavelengths.
1.2 This test method is applicable to compare the extent of dissolved decay products for oils in service. It can assess the effectiveness of used or stored oil purification during the reclamation process, as well.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 2.5 to 25 µm (4000 to 400 cm-1).
1.2 Two test methods are covered, a Reference Standard Test Method and a Differential Test Method.
1.3 These test methods are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrogram with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The test methods are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.
1.4 Caution--Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.  
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 for specific precautionary statements.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 2.5 to 25 µm (4000 to 400 cm-1).
1.2 Two test methods are covered, a Reference Standard Test Method and a Differential Test Method.
1.3 These test methods are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrogram with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The test methods are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.
1.4 Caution--Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 2.5 to 25 µm (4000 to 400 cm-1).
1.2 Two test methods are covered, a Reference Standard Test Method and a Differential Test Method.
1.3 These test methods are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrogram with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The test methods are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.
1.4 Caution--Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.  
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 for specific precautionary statements.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for extraction and measurement of gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of 20 cSt (100 SUS) or less at 40oC (104oF), and the identification and determination of the individual component gases extracted. Other methods have been used to perform this analysis.
1.2 The individual component gases that may be identified and determined include: Hydrogen-H2 Oxygen-O2 Nitrogen-N2 Carbon monoxide-CO Carbon dioxide-CO2 Methane-CH4 Ethane-C2H6 Ethylene-C2H4 Acetylene-C2H2 Propane-C3H8 Propylene-C3H6
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific precautionary statements see 6.1.8.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for extraction and measurement of gases dissolved in electrical insulating oil having a viscosity of 20 cSt (100 SUS) or less at 40oC (104oF), and the identification and determination of the individual component gases extracted. Other methods have been used to perform this analysis.
1.2 The individual component gases that may be identified and determined include: Hydrogen-H2 Oxygen-O2 Nitrogen-N2 Carbon monoxide-CO Carbon dioxide-CO2 Methane-CH4 Ethane-C2H6 Ethylene-C2H4 Acetylene-C2H2 Propane-C3H8 Propylene-C3H6
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific precautionary statements see 6.1.8.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a quantitative determination of the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in electrical insulating liquids by gas chromatography. It also applies to the determination of PCB present in mixtures known as askarels, used as electrical insulating liquids.  
1.2 The PCB mixtures known as Aroclors were used in the formulation of the PCB-containing askarels manufactured in the United States. This test method may be applied to the determination of PCBs in insulating liquids contaminated by either individual Aroclors or mixtures of Aroclors. This technique may not be applicable to the determination of PCBs from other sources of contamination.  
1.3 The precision and bias of this test method have been established only for PCB concentrations in electrical insulating mineral oils and silicones. The use of this test method has not been demonstrated for all insulating fluids. Some insulating liquids, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, interfere with the detection of PCBs and cannot be tested without pretreatment.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.