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ASTM D878-01(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils (Withdrawn 2015)

Standard Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils (Withdrawn 2015)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The presence of inorganic chlorides and sulfates in oil in contact with metal surfaces in electrical equipment can result in corrosion of transformer components. The deterioration of metal surfaces is dependent upon the quantity of the corrosive agent and the operating environment. Although not quantitative, this test method is a means for recognizing the potential for such a hazard.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the qualitative determination of inorganic chlorides and sulfates in electrical insulating oils. Note 1 - It should be pointed out that if the strong acids, hydrochloric and sulfuric, are present, they will give positive results for chlorides and sulfates, respectively.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method describes the qualitative determination of inorganic chlorides and sulfates in electrical insulating oils.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and gases, this test method was withdrawn in January 2015 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
Withdrawal Date
12-Jan-2015
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.06 - Chemical Test
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D878-01e1 - Standard Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM D878-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils (Withdrawn 2015)ASTM D878-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils (Withdrawn 2015)
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ASTM D878-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils (Withdrawn 2015)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D878 − 01(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Inorganic Chlorides and Sulfates in Insulating Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been adopted for use by government agencies to replace Method 5703 of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope quantitative, this test method is a means for recognizing the
potential for such a hazard.
1.1 This test method describes the qualitative determination
of inorganic chlorides and sulfates in electrical insulating oils.
5. Apparatus
NOTE 1—It should be pointed out that if the strong acids, hydrochloric
5.1 Separatory Funnel, 250-mL and 500-mL capacity.
and sulfuric, are present, they will give positive results for chlorides and
sulfates, respectively.
5.2 Beakers, 250-mL capacity.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.3 Test Tubes, 25-mL capacity.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 6. Reagents
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Use reagent grade chemicals in all
tests.Unlessotherwiseindicated,itisintendedthatallreagents
2. Referenced Documents
shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Analytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, where
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
3. Summary of Test Method
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
3.1 Water is used to extract inorganic chlorides and sulfates the determination.
from a test specimen of insulating oil. A portion of the water
6.2 Purity of Water— Unless otherwise indicated, reference
layer is treated with nitric acid and silver nitrate to reveal a
towatershallbeunderstoodtomeanreagentwaterconforming
white precipitate if chloride is present. A second portion is
to Specification D1193, Type I or Type II.
treated with hydrochloric acid and barium chloride. A white
precipitate indicates the presence of sulfate. 6.3 Barium Chloride Solution (100 g/L)—Dissolve 100 g of
barium chloride (BaCl ·2H O) in water and dilute to 1 L.
2 2
4. Significance and Use
6.4 n-Heptane.
4.1 Thepresenceofinorganicchloridesandsulfatesinoilin
6.5 Hydrochloric Acid (relative density 1.19)—
contactwithmetalsurfacesinelectricalequipmentcanresultin
Concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl).
corrosion of transformer components. The deterioration of
metal surfaces is dependent upon the quantity of the corrosive
6.6 Nitric Acid (relative density 1.42)—Concentrated nitric
agent and the operating environment. Although not
acid (HNO ).
6.7 Silver Nitrate Solution (100 g/L)—Dissolve 100 g of
silver nitrate (AgNO ) in water and dilute to 1 L.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on 3
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D27.06 on Chemical Test.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D878–01. DOI: Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , American
10.1520/D0878-01R06. Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
...

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ASTM D1275-24(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 In most of their uses, insulating liquids are continually in contact with metals that are subject to corrosion. The presence of elemental sulfur or corrosive sulfur compounds will result in deterioration of these metals and cause conductive or high resistive films to form. The extent of deterioration is dependent upon the quantity and type of corrosive agent and time and temperature factors. Detection of these undesirable impurities, even though not in terms of quantitative values, is a means for recognizing the hazard involved.  
3.2 Two methods are provided, one for copper corrosion and one for silver corrosion. Copper is slightly less sensitive to sulfur corrosion than silver but the results are easier to interpret and less prone to error. The silver corrosion procedure is provided especially for those users who have applications where the insulating liquid is in contact with a silver surface.
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1.1 This test method describes the detection of corrosive sulfur compounds (both inorganic and organic) in electrical insulating liquids.  
1.2 New and in-service insulating liquids may contain elemental sulfur or sulfur compounds, or both, that cause corrosion under certain conditions of use. This test method is designed to detect the presence of, or the propensity to form, free (elemental) sulfur and corrosive sulfur compounds by subjecting copper or silver to contact with an insulating liquid under prescribed conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are included for informational purposes.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D923-15(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.  
4.2 A study of gases and moisture contained in insulating oils from transformers and other electrical power apparatus can frequently give an early indication of abnormal behavior of the apparatus, and may indicate appropriate action be taken on the equipment before it suffers greater damage. Specific gas and moisture content can be determined from oil sampled for this purpose.
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1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, synthetic liquids, and natural ester insulating liquids as well as those insulating liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 × 10-4 m2/s (540 cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F).  
1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard where applicable. Inch pound units are used where there is no SI equivalent.  
1.4 These practices also include special techniques and devices for sampling for dissolved gases-in-oil (DGA) (D3612), water (D1533) and particles (D6786).  
1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:    
Section Title  
Section/Paragraph  
Mandatory Conditions and General Information  
Section 5  
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers  
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2  
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Bottles and Cans  
Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Glass Syringes (DGA and Water Analysis)  
Section 8  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Stainless Steel Cylinders (DGA and Water Analysis)  
Section 9  
Sampling of Cans, Drums, Tank Cars, Tank Trucks and Small Electrical Equipment  
Sampling Using the Dip-Type Device (drum thief)  
Section 10  
Sampling Using the Pressure-Type Device  
Section 11, Annex A1.1  
Sampling Using the Tank Car-Type Device  
Section 12, Annex A1.2  
Sampling Cable Feeders  
Mandatory Conditions  
Section 13  
General Considerations  
Section 14  
Sampling Using the Manifold-Type Device  
Section 15, Annex A1.3  
Cleaning, Preparation, Storage, and Handling of Sampling Containers  
Section 16  
Storage, Packaging and Shipping of Samples  
Section 17  
Cleaning and Storage of Sampling Devices  
Section 18  
Sample Information  
Section 19  
Mandatory Information—Construction of Sampling Devices  
Annex A1  
Determination of Electrical Apparatus Temperature  
Appendix X1  
Sample Container Types  
Appendix X2  
1.6 Handle askarels containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) according to federal and local regulations existing for that country. For example, the federal regulations concerning PCBs in the United States can be found in 40 CFR Part 761.  
1.7 Properly contain, package and dispose of any liquid or material resulting from the use of these practices in a manner that is in accordance with local and state regulations specific to the country in w...

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ASTM D2112-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Inhibited Mineral Insulating Oil by Pressure Vessel

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1.1 This test method covers and is intended as a rapid method for the evaluation of the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing a synthetic oxidation inhibitor. This test is considered of value in checking the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, or both, in order to control the continuity of this property from shipment to shipment. The applicability of this procedure for use with inhibited mineral insulating oils of more than 12 cSt at 40 °C (approximately 65 SUS at 100 °F) has not been established.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except where there is no direct equivalent for hardware designed on the inch-pound unit basis.  
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Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
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5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
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1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP  
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Elements in Insulating Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

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5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 μg/kg through 100 μg/kg range.  
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1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.    
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1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.  
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).  
1.5 Elements present at concentrations above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional, appropriate dilutions and with no degradation of precision.  
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4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.  
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1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.  
1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 11.3.3.  
1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
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ASTM D8180-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus

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1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.  
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5222-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment  
1.2 Synthetic ester insulating liquids differ from conventional mineral oil and other less-flammable (high fire point) liquids in that they are products derived from the chemical reaction, processing, and physical treatments of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define synthetic ester electrical insulating liquids that are compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and are expected to maintain their functional characteristics in these applications. The material described in this specification is not always miscible with other electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the synthetic ester insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to unused synthetic ester insulating liquids as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or liquid, or both, if questions of recommended characteristics or liquid maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
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4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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