ASTM D4691-17
(Practice)Standard Practice for Measuring Elements in Water by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Standard Practice for Measuring Elements in Water by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Elemental constituents in water and wastewater need to be identified to support effective water quality monitoring and control programs. Currently, one of the most widely used and practical means for measuring concentrations of elements is by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
5.2 The major advantage of atomic absorption over atomic emission is the almost total lack of spectral interferences. In atomic emission, the specificity of the technique is almost totally dependent on monochromator resolution. In atomic absorption, however, the detector sees only the narrow emission lines generated by the element of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers general considerations for the quantitative determination of elements in water and waste water by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry is simple, rapid, and applicable to a large number of elements in drinking water, surface waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. While some waters may be analyzed directly, others will require pretreatment.
1.2 Detection limits, sensitivity, and optimum ranges of the elements will vary with the various makes and models of satisfactory atomic absorption spectrometers. The actual concentration ranges measurable by direct aspiration are given in the specific test method for each element of interest. In the majority of instances the concentration range may be extended lower by use of electrothermal atomization and conversely extended upwards by using a less sensitive wavelength or rotating the burner head. Detection limits by direct aspiration may also be extended through sample concentration, solvent extraction techniques, or both. Where direct aspiration atomic absorption techniques do not provide adequate sensitivity, the analyst is referred to Practice D3919 or specialized procedures such as the gaseous hydride method for arsenic (Test Methods D2972) and selenium (Test Methods D3859), and the cold vapor technique for mercury (Test Method D3223).
1.3 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory instruments, no detailed operating instructions can be provided. Instead the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of a particular instrument.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversion to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 9.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4691 − 17
Standard Practice for
Measuring Elements in Water by Flame Atomic Absorption
1
Spectrophotometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4691; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* conversion to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
tion only and are not considered standard.
1.1 This practice covers general considerations for the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
quantitative determination of elements in water and waste
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
water by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Flame
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
atomic absorption spectrophotometry is simple, rapid, and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
applicable to a large number of elements in drinking water,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to useFor
surface waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. While
specific hazard statements see Section 9.
some waters may be analyzed directly, others will require
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
pretreatment.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 Detection limits, sensitivity, and optimum ranges of the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
elements will vary with the various makes and models of
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
satisfactory atomic absorption spectrometers. The actual con-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
centration ranges measurable by direct aspiration are given in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the specific test method for each element of interest. In the
2. Referenced Documents
majority of instances the concentration range may be extended
2
lower by use of electrothermal atomization and conversely
2.1 ASTM Standards:
extended upwards by using a less sensitive wavelength or
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
rotating the burner head. Detection limits by direct aspiration
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
may also be extended through sample concentration, solvent
D2972Test Methods for Arsenic in Water
extraction techniques, or both. Where direct aspiration atomic
D3223Test Method for Total Mercury in Water
absorption techniques do not provide adequate sensitivity, the
D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process
analyst is referred to Practice D3919 or specialized procedures
Streams
such as the gaseous hydride method for arsenic (Test Methods
D3859Test Methods for Selenium in Water
D2972) and selenium (Test Methods D3859), and the cold
D3919Practice for Measuring Trace Elements in Water by
vapor technique for mercury (Test Method D3223).
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
D4453Practice for Handling of High Purity Water Samples
1.3 Because of the differences among various makes and
D5810Guide for Spiking into Aqueous Samples
models of satisfactory instruments, no detailed operating in-
D5847Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications
structions can be provided. Instead the analyst should follow
for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
the instructions provided by the manufacturer of a particular
E178Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
instrument.
E520Practice for Describing Photomultiplier Detectors in
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Emission and Absorption Spectrometry
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
E863Practice for Describing Atomic Absorption Spectro-
3
metric Equipment (Withdrawn 2004)
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Water. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4691–11. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D4691-17. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4691 − 11 D4691 − 17
Standard Practice for
Measuring Elements in Water by Flame Atomic Absorption
1
Spectrophotometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4691; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers general considerations for the quantitative determination of elements in water and waste water by flame
atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry is simple, rapid, and applicable to a large
number of elements in drinking water, surface waters, and domestic and industrial wastes. While some waters may be analyzed
directly, others will require pretreatment.
1.2 Detection limits, sensitivity, and optimum ranges of the elements will vary with the various makes and models of
satisfactory atomic absorption spectrometers. The actual concentration ranges measurable by direct aspiration are given in the
specific test method for each element of interest. In the majority of instances the concentration range may be extended lower by
use of electrothermal atomization and conversely extended upwards by using a less sensitive wavelength or rotating the burner
head. Detection limits by direct aspiration may also be extended through sample concentration, solvent extraction techniques, or
both. Where direct aspiration atomic absorption techniques do not provide adequate sensitivity, the analyst is referred to Practice
D3919 or specialized procedures such as the gaseous hydride method for arsenic (Test Methods D2972) and selenium (Test
Methods D3859), and the cold vapor technique for mercury (Test Method D3223).
1.3 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory instruments, no detailed operating instructions
can be provided. Instead the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of a particular instrument.
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
for information only.mathematical conversion to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 9.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2972 Test Methods for Arsenic in Water
D3223 Test Method for Total Mercury in Water
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D3859 Test Methods for Selenium in Water
D3919 Practice for Measuring Trace Elements in Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
D4453 Practice for Handling of High Purity Water Samples
D5810 Guide for Spiking into Aqueous Samples
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in Water.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011June 1, 2017. Published September 2011June 2017. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 as
D4691 – 02D4691 – 11.(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D4691-11.10.1520/D4691-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4691 − 17
D5847 Practice for Writing Quality Control Specifications for Standard Test Methods for Water Analysis
E1
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