ASTM C1144-89(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength for Brittle Nuclear Waste Forms (Withdrawn 2018)
Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength for Brittle Nuclear Waste Forms (Withdrawn 2018)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The splitting tensile-strength test can be used only on brittle waste materials such as ceramics, glass, concrete, or other materials that also have tensile fracture strengths that are less than one third of the compression strengths.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the static splitting tensile strength of cylindrical specimens of brittle nuclear waste forms. It provides splitting tensile-strength data that can be used to compare the strength of waste forms when tests are done on one size of specimen.
1.2 The test method is applicable to glass, ceramic, and concrete waste forms that are sufficiently homogeneous (Note 1) but not to coated-particle, metal-matrix, bituminous, or plastic waste forms, or concretes with large-scale heterogeneities. Cementitious waste forms with heterogeneities >1 to 2 mm and 5 mm can be tested using this procedure provided the specimen size is increased from the reference size of 12.7 mm diameter by 6 mm length, to 51 mm diameter by 100 mm length, as recommended in Test Method C 496 and Practice C 192.
Note 1—Generally, the specimen structural or microstructural heterogeneities must be less than about one-tenth the diameter of the specimen.
1.3 This test method can be used as a quality control check on brittle waste forms and may be useful for optimizing waste form processing. Meaningful comparison of waste forms, however, requires data obtained on specimens of one size.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method was used to measure the static splitting tensile strength of cylindrical specimens of brittle nuclear waste forms. It provided splitting tensile-strength data that could be used to compare the strength of waste forms when tests are done on one size of specimen.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle, this test method was withdrawn in September 2018. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement because the test method is not currently required to qualify waste forms for disposal per the Waste Acceptance Product Specification for Vitrified High-level Waste Forms (EM-WAPS), the Waste Acceptance System Requirements Document (DOE/RW-351P), or Land Disposal Restrictions.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1144 − 89 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Splitting Tensile Strength for Brittle Nuclear Waste Forms
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method is used to measure the static splitting 2.1 ASTM Standards:
tensile strength of cylindrical specimens of brittle nuclear C39/C39MTest Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
waste forms. It provides splitting tensile-strength data that can drical Concrete Specimens
C192/C192MPracticeforMakingandCuringConcreteTest
be used to compare the strength of waste forms when tests are
done on one size of specimen. Specimens in the Laboratory
C496/C496MTest Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of
1.2 The test method is applicable to glass, ceramic, and
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
concrete waste forms that are sufficiently homogeneous (Note
C773Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of
1) but not to coated-particle, metal-matrix, bituminous, or
Fired Whiteware Materials
plastic waste forms, or concretes with large-scale heterogene-
D2938Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength
ities. Cementitious waste forms with heterogeneities >1 to 2
of Intact Rock Core Specimens (Withdrawn 2005)
mmand<5mmcanbetestedusingthisprocedureprovidedthe
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
specimen size is increased from the reference size of 12.7 mm
2.2 Society of Manufacturing Engineers:
diameter by 6 mm length, to 51 mm diameter by 100 mm
GeometricalToleranceInterpretations,SMEToolandManu-
length, as recommended in Test Method C496/C496M and
facturing Engineers Handbook
Practice C192/C192M.
3. Summary of Test Method
NOTE 1—Generally, the specimen structural or microstructural hetero-
geneities must be less than about one-tenth the diameter of the specimen.
3.1 A right-circular cylinder of the waste solid is loaded
diametrally between two hardened, parallel bearing blocks
1.3 This test method can be used as a quality control check
positioned between the specimen and the two test machine
on brittle waste forms and may be useful for optimizing waste
form processing. Meaningful comparison of waste forms, platens, one of which is moving at a constant speed relative to
the other (Fig. 1).
however, requires data obtained on specimens of one size.
3.2 As the load increases, the resultant stress eventually
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
reaches the fracture strength of the material, and the specimen
standard.
splitsalongtheverticaldiameter,usuallywithsomesubsidiary
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
fracture at other locations. The splitting tensile strength, T
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
(MPa), is calculated from the measured fracture load as
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
follows:
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter- T 52P/πLD (1)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
where:
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC26onNuclear Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fuel
the ASTM website.
and High Level Waste.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originally www.astm.org.
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1144-89(2004). Available from Society of Manufacturing Engineers, P.O. Box 930, One SME
DOI: 10.1520/C1144-89R11. Dr., Dearborn, MI 48121.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1144 − 89 (2011)
FIG. 1 Diametral Test Specimen and Apparatus
P = appliedforce,orfractureload,atinitiationoffracture, N,
L = specimen length, mm, and
D = specimen diameter, mm.
3.3 The splitting tensile-strength test uses a compressive
loading to effect a tensile stress. The stress state in the
specimen during the test is well documented by both theoreti-
calandexperimentalstressanalysis.Thestressstateisintended
tobebiaxialwithauniformtensilestressnormaltotheloading
axis across the anticipated fracture plane (the vertical diameter
between loading points). The loading pads tend to prevent
compressive-stress failure near the loading points. In a valid
(a)Normal Tensile Failure (Valid Test)
test, failure is initiated near the axis of the cylinder and
(b)Triple-Cleft Failure (Valid Test)
propagates on the plane defined by the lines of contact of the
(c)Compression and Shear Failures (Invalid Test)
bearingblockswiththespecimen(seeFig.2(a)andSection5).
FIG. 2 Failure Modes
4. Significance and Use
tion used to obtain the tensile stress across the vertical fracture
4.1 The splitting tensile-strength test can be used only on
plane. Ductile materials will not, in many cases, fracture in the
brittle waste materials such as ceramics, glass, concrete, or
test.
other materials that also have tensile fracture strengths that are
4.5 The effect of specimen size on the measured strength of
less than one third of the compression strengths.
brittle materials is not determined by this test method. In some
4.2 The test cannot be used for metal-matrix, bituminous,
materials, such as concretes, heterogeneities may be so large
plastic, or coated-particle waste forms.
that tests on larger specimens are more representative. Testing
along the lines of Test Method C496/C496M may then be
4.3 The strength values derived from this test cannot be
appropriate to measure splitting tensile strength.
applied to compressive-stress impact failure. The results apply
only to tensile-stress failure. A separate compression-strength
4.6 This test method does not determine the effects of time
test, in which a cylindrical specimen is loaded on the flat
and environment on strength, nor does it address failure under
surfaces, is required to determine compression strength along
long-duration static loading.
the lines of Test Methods C39/C39M, D2938, and C773.
4.7 This test method can be used as a quality-control check
Failures caused by impact must be determined in a separate
and for optimizing waste form processing.
test.
5. Interferences
4.4 This test method is applicable only to brittle solids
because these are the only materials that fail under a definable 5.1 Visually inspect the specimen after fracture. Disqualifi-
stress state for the test specimen geometry and loading. For cation is based on the occurrence of compression and shear
instance, extensive local shearing at or near the loading points failureorfailureatanobservablesurfaceflaw.See5.3,5.4,and
that will also occur for plastically deformable solids, such as 5.5 for guidance in identification of the failure mode. Report
ductile metals or viscous polymers, will change the stress identification of the failure mode in terms relatable to these
distribution sufficiently to invalidate the elastic-stress calcula- sections.
C1144 − 89 (2011)
5.2 There are two fracture modes that indicate a valid test, measuredoneachoftwoperpendiculardirections,andperpen-
normaltensilefailureandtriple-cleftfailure,bothofwhichcan dicular to the loading axis within 60.03 mm/mm (1.7°).
be followed by additional severe fragmentation of the center
6.4 Pad Materials—The choice of pad material depends on
vertical region of the specimen. A third type of failure, or
the strength and elastic modulus of the material tested. A
fracture, called compression and shear failure, invalidates the
suitable pad material is one that prevents contact between the
test results. Because of the possible varied fractures and
test specimen and the bearing blocks but is soft enough to
because there is no satisfactory way to predict which will
distribute the load over a small area. If the specimen and
occur, the specimen must be examined after the test to qualify
bearing block contact during the test (determined by visual
the results.
inspection of the pad after testing), the test result is invalid. In
5.3 Normal Tensile Failure—In normal tensile failure, the general, balsa wood is a suitable pad material for testing glass
and other materials with splitting tensile strengths less than
specimen splits along the loaded diameter (see Fig. 2(a)). This
is the ideal failure and can be used to compute splitting tensile approximately 100 MPa. The grain of the wood shall be
aligned perpendicular to the line of contact between specimen
strength. The fracture may not completely extend from one
and bearing block with the grain parallel to the bearing block.
bearing block to the other initially. The load to initiate the
The thickness of the balsa wood shall be 1.6 6 0.2 mm (Note
fracture is used to calculate strength.
3). Fully annealed OFHC copper foil 0.13 by 0.01-mm thick
5.4 Triple-Cleft Failure—Triple-cleft failure is a variation
(Note 3) is suitable for higher strength waste forms.
on the normal tensile failure, and the specimen splits into four
NOTE 3—Deviations in pad material sizes of this magnitude will not
approximately equal-sized pieces, two on each side of the
affect test results.
loaded diameter (see Fig. 2(b)). Tests exhibiting this failure
also yield valid values of splitting tensile strength. Additional 6.5 Load-Measurement System—Use a strip-chart or x-y
fragmentation can occur when the fracture is initiated on the recorder to obtain a record of the loading force versus time.
diametral plane, as in glasses where the stresses on the central Therecordermustbecapableofrespondingtosuddenchanges
unsupported vertical region (after initial splitting) cause frag- in load (response time <1 s full scale). Use the strip-chart or
mentation of that region. x-y recorder to record the calibration loads during a check of
the load-measurement system with dead weights or an electri-
5.5 Compression and Shear Failure— In compression and
cal method prior to testing. Use a load cell that has been
shear failures, the specimen is crushed near the bearing blocks
verified according to Practice E4. The chart speed shall be
without fracturing through the diameter, or the specimen may
appropriate for displaying the elastic or straight-line portion of
fail near the loading pads due to a local crushing or by
the loading at an angle no greater than 80° to the time axis. It
fracturingatanyangleawayfromtheloadeddiameter(seeFig.
is imperative to have a continuous recording of load to ensure
2(c)). In some cases, the specimen may change shape before
that the fracture is not missed.
fracture or may not fracture at all. Tests with these types of
6.6 Number of Tests—Initially, five valid test results should
failure or deformation cannot be used to compute splitting
be obtained. Calculate the percent relative standard deviation
tensilestrengths,andstressescalculatedfromsuchtestsarenot
of the five measured tensile strengths as follows:
reportable as tensile strengths. Choice of loading pad may
avoid these types of failure in some cases.
s
RSD ~%! 5 ·100 (2)
¯
T
6. Apparatus
where:
6.1 Test Temperature—Conductthetestatroomtemperature
T = tensile strength for the ith test, and
i
and report the test temperature.
¯
= the sample mean tensile strength= ∑ T , and
T
i=1 i
5 2 1/2
6.2 Testing Machine—Use a constant crosshead-speed ma- 1
¯
s = the sample standard deviation= ⁄5∑ (T −T) .
i=1 i
−4
chine at a speed of 8×10 mm/s6 50% (Note 2). A fixed
6.6.1 If the percent relative standard deviation is less than
loading rate machine is not acceptable. The machine can be
20.1%, no additional tests are required. If the RSD (%)
either screw driven or otherwise controlled to give a fixed
exceeds 20.1%, use Table 1 to determine the number of
speed. The stiffness of the various members of the loading
additionaltestsrequired.IftheRSD(%)isgreaterthan27.1%,
system shall be sufficiently high, such that the total deflection
−8
per unit force is less than 10 m/N, not including the
specimen.
NOTE 2—Deviations in crosshead speeds of this magnitude will not TABLE 1 Minimum Number of Required Tests (Based on the
affect test results. Sample % Relative Standard Deviation from Five Tests)
Sample Relative Standard Number of tests Number of
6.3 Bearing Blocks—Bearing blocks with Rockwell hard-
Deviation, RSD (%) required, (n) additional tests
ness >60 HRC are required.Any permanent indentation of the
#20.1 5 0
bearing block invalidates the test. Suitable materials are tool
20.2 to 22.1 6 1
steels hardened from 60 to 65 HRC by conventional heat 22.2 to 23.9 7 2
24.0 to 25.5 8 3
treatments and ground to obtain a smooth loading surface.The
25.6 to 27.0 9 4
surfaces of the bearing blocks in contact with the pads shall be
$27.1 10 5
flat to within 60.03 mm, parallel within 60.03 mm/mm (1.7°)
C1144 − 89 (2011)
the material has variations in strength that are unusually large. must be traceable to NIST standards. Enter and maintain
Report the results of the ten tests in this case. records of calibrations and dates of calibrations in laboratory
6.6.2 The criterion for the sample sizes given in Table 1 is notebooks. A summary of applicable references is given in
based on the desire that the half-width of the 95% confidence Table 2.
intervalfortheaveragetensilestrengthbenogreaterthan25%
10. Procedure
of that value. If the tensile strength measurements come from
a normal distribution, this should be approximately true.
10.1 Quality Assurance Requirements—This procedure
Naturally, the actual confidence-interval statements made will
must conform to all applicable quality assurance requirements
be based on the observed sample values, not the desired result.
of the laboratory performing the test.
10.2 Testing an Individual Specimen:
7. Hazards
10.2.1 Record the room temperature.
7.1 Specimens of brittle materials under stress can fracture
10.2.2 Record the specimen thickness and diameter to the
and produce flying fragments. In addition to other precautions,
nearest 0.01 mm and verify that each specimen is within
take precautions against injury by placing a shield ar
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.