ASTM E694-99(2010)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
ABSTRACT
This specification covers general requirements for laboratory glass volumetric apparatus of Class A and B. The volumetric apparatus shall be manufactured from glass of suitable chemical and thermal properties, and shall be as free as possible from visible defects. Glasswares with a flat base shall stand firmly without rocking when placed on a level surface. For those requiring stoppers and stopcocks, glass stoppers shall be interchangeable while plastic stoppers used as alternative to glass ones shall be of inert plastic material. Stopcocks, on the other hand, shall permit smooth and precise control of outflow. Glasswares shall have clean, permanent graduation lines of uniform thickness confined to the cylindrical portions of their cross section, with the graduations lines being of Pattern I, II, or III and the unit of volume being cubic centimetre. Units of cubic decimeter or cubic millimetre may be used in special cases; however, only one unit of volume shall be used on the same piece of apparatus. Aside from graduation lines, the glassware shall bear inscriptions of the capacity, the temperature at which it is to be used, the method of use (whether to contain or to deliver), and for those that deliver though an outflow nozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacity with unrestricted outflow. Per service requirement, additional provisions may be specified as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and tolerances for applicable instruments are given in other specifications as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conform to Specifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance with Practice E542.
1.1.1 Class A—Each instrument shall be marked with the letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction and accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an identification marker (serial number) at the option of the manufacturer.
1.1.2 Class B—General purpose instruments are of the same basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E694 −99 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Specification for
Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E694; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E911 Specification for Glass Stopcocks with Polytetrafluo-
roethylene (PTFE) Plugs
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common
E969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and toler-
E1045 Specification for Pipet, Sahli Hemoglobin
ances for applicable instruments are given in other specifica-
E1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-
tionsascitedthroughoutthisspecification.Glassmustconform
ders
to Specifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance with
E1878 SpecificationforLaboratoryGlassVolumetricFlasks,
Practice E542.
Special Use
1.1.1 Class A—Each instrument shall be marked with the
letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction and
3. General Requirements
accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an
identification marker (serial number) at the option of the
3.1 Units of Volume—The unit of volume shall be the cubic
3 3
manufacturer.
centimetre(cm )or,inspecialcases,thecubicdecimetre(dm )
1.1.2 Class B—General purpose instruments are of the same
or cubic millimetre (mm ).
basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for
NOTE 1—The term millilitre (mL) is commonly used as a special name
Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range
for the cubic centimetre (cm ) and, similarly the litre for the cubic
allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified. 3 3
decimetre (dm ) and the microlitre (µL) for the cubic millimetre (mm ), in
accordance with the International System of Units (SI).
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Standard Temperature—The standard reference
2.1 ASTM Standards:
temperature, that is, the temperature at which the article of
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
volumetric glassware is intended to contain or deliver its
E237 Specification for Laboratory Glass Microvolumetric
nominal volume (nominal capacity), shall be 20°C.
Vessels (Volumetric Flasks and Centrifuge Tubes)
NOTE 2—When it is necessary in tropical countries to work at an
E287 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Burets
ambient temperature considerably above 20°C, and it is not desired to use
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
the standard reference temperature of 20°C, it is recommended that a
E438 Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus
temperature of 27°C be adopted.
E542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric
3.3 Material and Annealing—Volumetric glassware shall be
Apparatus
constructed of glass of suitable chemical and thermal proper-
E671 Specification for Maximum Permissible Thermal Re-
ties.Itshallbeasfreeaspossiblefromvisibledefectsandshall
sidual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory Apparatus
conform to Specification E671.
E675 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground Stop-
cocks And Stoppers
3.4 Limit of Error—On an article having multiple gradua-
E676 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground Joints
tion lines, the limit of volumetric error may occur at any
E788 Specification for Pipet, Blood Diluting
graduation line unless otherwise specified. For example, on a
100-mL graduated cylinder having a limit of error of 61.00
mL, the volume at 10 mL could range from 9.00 to 11.00 mL.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 on
Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 on
3.5 Stability—Vessels provided with a flat base shall stand
Apparatus.
firmly thereon without rocking when placed on a level surface
Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved
and, unless specified otherwise, the axis of the graduated
in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E694 – 99 (2005). DOI:
10.1520/E0694-99R10.
portion of the vessel should be vertical. Except for special
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
cases, vessels shall not topple when placed empty and without
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
a stopper on a surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 15° for sizes 25 cm or greater and 10° for vessels less than 25
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E694−99 (2010)
cm .Vesselsprovidedwithabasethatisnotcircularshallmeet of the article and a change of subdivision takes place). The
this requirement in all directions. minimum distance, L, between the centers of adjacent gradu-
ation lines shall be not less, in relation to diameter, than that
3.6 Stoppers and Stopcocks:
calculated as follows:
3.6.1 Stoppers—Glass stoppers should be ground so as to be
interchangeable, in which case the ground portions shall be in
L 5 ~0.810.02D! (1)
accordance with Specification E675. Stoppers of a suitable
where D is the maximum permitted internal diameter of the
inert plastics material may be permitted as an alternative to
tube in millimetres (see also Annex A1).
glass. In such cases, the glass socket into which the stopper fits
shall be in accordance with Specification E675. All stoppers
3.9 Length of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1)—On articles of
shall bear a proper size identification.
circular cross section having a scale, the length of the gradu-
3.6.2 Stopcocks—Stopcocks and similar devices shall be
ation lines shall be varied so as to be clearly distinguishable
designed to permit smooth and precise control of outflow and
and shall be in accordance with the following provisions:
to prevent a rate of leakage greater than that allowed in the
3.9.1 Graduation Pattern I:
specification for the article and shall be in accordance with
3.9.1.1 The length of the short lines should be
Specification E675. Stopcocks shall be made from glass or
approximately, but not less than, 50 % of the circumference of
from suitable inert plastics material.
the article.
3.7 Graduation Lines:
3.9.1.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
3.7.1 Graduation lines shall be clean, permanent lines of
mately 65 % of the circumference of the article and should
uniform vertical thickness. This thickness shall be 0.2–0.6 mm
extend symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short
for articles not having a scale. On articles having a scale, the
lines.
specified thickness of the lines shall be 0.2–0.4 mm. All
3.9.1.3 The long lines should extend completely around the
graduation lines shall lie in planes at right angles to the
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of
longitudinal axis of the graduated portion of the article. On
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
articles provided with a flat base, the graduation lines shall
therefore lie in planes parallel to the base. 3.9.2 Graduation Pattern II:
3.7.2 In general, graduation lines should be confined to
3.9.2.1 The length of the short lines should be not less than
cylindrical portions of an article’s cross section and should
10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
preferably be situated not less than 10 mm from any change in
article.
diameter. In special circumstances, preferably for Class B
3.9.2.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
articles only, graduation lines may be provided on a parallel
mately1.5timesthelengthoftheshortlinesandshouldextend
side portion of noncircular cross section or on a conical or
symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.
tapered portion of the article.
3.9.2.3 The long lines should extend completely around the
3.7.3 On articles not having a scale, all graduation lines
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of
should extend completely around the circumference of the
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
article, except that a gap, not exceeding 10 % of the
3.9.3 Graduation Pattern III:
circumference, may be permitted. In the case of an article that
is restricted as to the normal direction of viewing in use, the
3.9.3.1 The length of the short lines should not be less than
gap should be at the right or left of the normal direction of
10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
view.
article.
3.8 Spacing of Graduation Lines—There should be no 3.9.3.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
evident irregularity spacing of graduation lines (except in mately1.5timesthelengthoftheshortlinesandshouldextend
special cases where the scale is on a conical or tapered portion symmetrically at each end beyond the ends of the short lines.
FIG. 1 Position of Graduation Lines
E694−99 (2010)
3.9.3.3 The length of the long lines should be not less than 3.11.2 On articles graduated according to Pattern II or III,
twice the length of the short lines and should extend symmetri- with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.2 or 3.9.3, the
cally at each end beyond the ends of the short and medium midpointsoftheshortandmediumgraduationlinesshalllieon
lines. an imaginary vertical line down the center of the front of the
3.9.4 In special cases where scales are required on noncir- article, when the article is viewed from the front in the position
cular cross section or conical or tapered portions of an article, of normal use.
the requirements of 3.8.1, 3.8.2, or 3.8.3 should be modified
3.12 Two scales are not permitted on the same piece of
appropriately.
apparatus. For example, apparatus should not be graduated in
3.10 Sequence of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 2):
bothfluidouncesandmillilitres(cubiccentimetres).Inthecase
3.10.1 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
of two units, one of which is an exact multiple of the other,
smallest scale division is millilitre (or a decimal multiple or
such, for example, as drams and fluid ounces, there is no
submultiple thereof):
objective to having the 8-dr line, 16-dr line, etc., marked
3.10.1.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;
respectively, 1 fluid oz, 2 fluid oz, etc., provided that the two
3.10.1.2 There is a medium line midway between two
series of numbers are placed on opposite sides of the apparatus
consecutive long lines; and
and the value of each subdivision is suitably indicated.
3.10.1.3 There are four short lines between consecutive
3.13 Figuring of Graduation Lines:
medium and long lines.
3.13.1 On articles with one graduation line, the number
3.10.2 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
representing nominal capacity may be included with the other
smallest scale division is 2 mL (or a decimal multiple or
inscriptions and need not be adjacent to the graduation line.
submultiple thereof):
3.13.2 On articles having two or three graduation lines, the
3.10.2.1 Every fifth graduation line is a long line; and
numbers representing nominal capacity need not be adjacent to
3.10.2.2 There are four short lines between two consecutive
the lines to which they relate, if some other more suitable
long lines.
method of identification is used.
3.10.3 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
3.13.3 On articles having one principal graduation line and
smallest scale division is 5 mL (or a decimal multiple or
asmallnumberofsubsidiarylines,thenumberrepresentingthe
submultiple thereof):
principal capacity may be included with the other inscriptions
3.10.3.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;
as in 3.13.1 provided that the subsidiary graduation lines are
3.10.3.2 There are four medium lines equally spaced be-
suitably identified.
tween two consecutive long lines; and
3.13.4 On Articles Having a Scale:
3.10.3.3 There is one short line between two consecutive
medium lines or between consecutive medium and long lines. 3.13.4.1 The scale shall be figured so as to enable the value
corresponding to each graduation line to be identified readily;
3.11 Position of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1):
3.13.4.2 The scale should have normally only one set of
3.11.1 On articles graduated according to Pattern I with
figures;
vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.1, the ends of the short
3.13.4.3 At least every tenth line shall be figured;
graduationlinesshalllieonanimaginaryverticallinedownthe
center of the front of the article, the lines themselves extending 3.13.4.4 Figures shall be confined to long graduation lines
preferably to the left when the article is viewed from the front and should be placed immediately above the line and slightly
in the position of normal use. to the right of the adjacent shorter graduation lines; and
FIG. 2 Length and Sequence of Graduation Lines
E694−99 (2010)
NOTE 3—Where long lines complying with 3.9.2 are used (that is, those
3.14.2 In the case of a special-purpose article of volumetric
lines not extending completely around the article), an alternative scheme
glassware that is to be graduated for direct reading of capacity
of figuring may be permitted, in which the figure is placed slightly to the
when used with a specific liquid other than water, the specifi-
right of the end of the long line in such a way that an extension of the line
cation should also indicate the corresponding capacity when
would bisect it.
used to disperse pure water so that the latter can be used for
3.13.4.5 Where it is necessary in special cases to use a
verification.
number relating to a medium or short graduation line, the
number should be placed slightly to the right of the end of the
4. Special Requirements
line in such a way that an extension of the line would bisect it.
4.1 Volumetric Flasks—The limiting dimensions for volu-
3.14 Inscriptions:
metric flasks are given in Specification E288. For flasks
3.14.1 Every instrument shall bear in permanent legible
smaller than 5-mL capacity, the limits shall be as shown in
characters the capacity, the temperature at which it is to be
Specification E237.
used, the method of use (that is, whether to contain or to
4.1.1 Stoppers or Closures—Stoppers may be either glass or
deliver), and on instruments that deliver through an outflow
plasticasdesiredbytheuserandshallconformtoSpecification
nozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacity
E675.As an alternative, the flasks may h
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