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ASTM E535-09

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards

Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.
The resultant fire-test-response standards are intended to be useful in one or more of the following areas, among others: product development, quality control, product comparisons, screening, information to be used as part of a fire hazard or a fire risk assessment, and regulatory purposes.
This practice is intended to be useful to users of fire-test-response standards because it provides much of the general rationale for the development and use of such standards.
This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of fire hazard assessment standards or fire risk assessment standards.
This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of standards not related to fire-test responses of materials, products or assemblies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for ASTM Standards , which shall be consulted in writing all ASTM standards.
1.2 This practice contains, directly or by reference, all of the information required to comply with the policy on fire standards and the additional guidelines recommended by Committee E05.
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-test-response standards (that is, standards for response to heat or flame under prescribed conditions).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2009
ICS
13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.31 - Terminology and Services / Functions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E535-05a - Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E535-12 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
Effective Date
01-Mar-2012
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM E1549/E1549M-13(2022) - Standard Specification for ESD Controlled Garments Required in Cleanrooms and Controlled Environments for Spacecraft for Non-Hazardous and Hazardous Operations
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM E800-20 - Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2102-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E535–09
Standard Practice for
1
Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This standard has been developed to assist ASTM Committees in the writing of fire-test-response
standards that comply with the ASTM policy on fire standards (see Annex A1).
The policy on fire standards describes the types ofASTM fire standards and their required caveats.
Committee E05 has the responsibility of helping other committees developing fire standards by
providing the information and assistance required by all committees for writing standards which
contain testing procedures for the response of materials, products, or assemblies to fire.
Fire-test-response standards are standards for, or based on, one or more fire-test-response
characteristics. A fire-test-response characteristic provides a means of measuring the response of
materials, products, or assemblies to a prescribed source of heat alone or to one of heat and flame
under controlled test conditions.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
ASTM Standards , which shall be consulted in writing all E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
ASTM standards. E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.2 Thispracticecontains,directlyorbyreference,allofthe E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
information required to comply with the policy on fire stan- Determine the Precision of a Test Method
dards and the additional guidelines recommended by Commit-
3. Terminology
tee E05.
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-
test-response standards (that is, standards for response to heat practice, refer to Terminology E176.
3.1.2 fire-test-response characteristic, n—a response char-
or flame under prescribed conditions).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the acteristic of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribed
source of heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; such
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- response characteristics may include but are not limited to ease
of ignition, flame spread, mass loss, smoke generation, fire
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. resistance, and toxic potency of smoke.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—A fire-test-response characteristic can
1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative
be influenced by variable characteristics of the heat source,
measures.
such as its intensity, or of the burning environment, such as
ventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity or oxygen
concentration. It is not an intrinsic property such as specific
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
heat, thermal conductivity, or heat of combustion, where the
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 on Terminology
and Editorial.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally
3
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E535 – 05a. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0535-09. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Available on request from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E535–09
value is independent of test variables. A fire-test-response 5.4.1.8 Identify the fire-test-response characteristic(s) to be
characteristic may be described in one of several terms. Smoke measured, and
generation, for example, may be described as smoke opacity,
5.4.1.9 Identify the system of units of measurement applied
change of opacity with time, or smoke weight. No quantitative
within the standard and to be used in referee decisions;
correlation need exist between values of a fire-test-response
parenthetical measures in a different system of units are
characteristic for different materials, products, or assemblies,
per
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E535–05a Designation: E 535 – 09
Standard Practice for
1
Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This standard has been developed to assist ASTM Committees in the writing of fire-test-response
standards that comply with the ASTM policy on fire standards (see Annex A1).
The policy on fire standards describes the types ofASTM fire standards and their required caveats.
Committee E05 has the responsibility of helping other committees developing fire standards by
providing the information and assistance required by all committees for writing standards which
contain testing procedures for the response of materials, products, or assemblies to fire.
Fire-test-response standards are standards for, or based on, one or more fire-test-response
characteristics. A fire-test-response characteristic provides a means of measuring the response of
materials, products, or assemblies to a prescribed source of heat alone or to one of heat and flame
under controlled test conditions.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for ASTM Standards , which shall be consulted in writing all ASTM
standards.
1.2 This practice contains, directly or by reference, all of the information required to comply with the policy on fire standards
and the additional guidelines recommended by Committee E05.
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-test-
response standards (that is, standards for response to heat or flame under prescribed conditions).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 176 Terminology Relating to Fire Standards Terminology of Fire Standards
E 456 Terminology Relating to Statistics Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology E176.E 176.
3.1.2 fire-test-response characteristic, n—a response characteristic of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribed source
of heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; such response characteristics may include but are not limited to ease of ignition,
flame spread, mass loss, smoke generation, fire resistance, and toxic potency of smoke.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Afire-test-response characteristic can be influenced by variable characteristics of the heat source, such as
its intensity, or of the burning environment, such as ventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity or oxygen concentration.
It is not an intrinsic property such as specific heat, thermal conductivity, or heat of combustion, where the value is independent
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.31 onTerminology and Editorial.
Current edition approved JulySept. 1, 2005.2009. Published August 2005.October 2009. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E 535
– 05a.
2
Available on request from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E535–09
of test variables.Afire-test-response characteristic may be described in one of several terms. Smoke generation, for example, may
be described as smoke opacity, change of opacity with time, or smoke weight. No quantitative corre
...

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ASTM E535-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.  
4.2 The resultant fire-test-response standards are intended to be useful in one or more of the following areas, among others: product development, quality control, product comparisons, screening, information to be used as part of a fire hazard or a fire risk assessment, and regulatory purposes.  
4.3 This practice is intended to be useful to users and developers of fire-test-response standards (Section 5) because it provides much of the general rationale for the development and use of such standards.  
4.4 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of fire hazard assessment standards or fire risk assessment standards.  
4.5 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of standards not related to fire-test responses of materials, products or assemblies.
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1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for ASTM Standards,2 which shall be consulted in writing all ASTM standards.  
1.2 This practice contains, directly or by reference, all of the information required to comply with the policy on fire standards and the additional guidelines recommended by Committee E05.  
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-test-response standards (that is, standards for response to heat or flame under prescribed conditions).  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1355-23(Guide)
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5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.  
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5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.  
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1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,  
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,  
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and  
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5.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice is used when the number of participating laboratories or materials being tested, or both, in a precision study is less than the number specified by Practice E691. When possible, it is strongly recommended that a full Practice E691 standard protocol be followed to determine test method precision. Precision results produced by the procedures presented in this standard will not have the same degree of accuracy as results generated by a full Practice E691 protocol. This procedure will allow for the development of useful precision results when a full complement of laboratories is not available for interlaboratory testing.  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the loss of life in fires from inhalation of fire gases, much attention has been focused on the analyses of these species. Analysis has involved several new or modified methods, since common analytical techniques have often proven to be inappropriate for the combinations of various gases and low concentrations existing in fire gas mixtures.  
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4.2.1 That gaseous samples are representative of the compositions existing at the point of sampling,  
4.2.2 That transfer and pretreatment of samples occur without loss, or with known efficiency, and  
4.2.3 That data provided by the analytical instruments are accurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point of sampling.  
4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey that will permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced in the study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable technique from among the alternatives. It will not provide enough information for the setup and use of a procedure (this information is available in the references).  
4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in this document should not be used to rank materials for regulatory purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.  
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale). With proper sampling considerations, any of these methods could be used for measurement in most fire environments.  
1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigators and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods. A single analytical technique has not been recommended for any chemical species unless that technique is the only one available.  
1.4 The techniques described herein can be used to determine the concentration of a specific gas in the total sample collected for analysis. These techniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases that would be generated by a specimen during a fire test.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1591-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.  
4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.  
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.  
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E535-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.  
4.2 The resultant fire-test-response standards are intended to be useful in one or more of the following areas, among others: product development, quality control, product comparisons, screening, information to be used as part of a fire hazard or a fire risk assessment, and regulatory purposes.  
4.3 This practice is intended to be useful to users and developers of fire-test-response standards (Section 5) because it provides much of the general rationale for the development and use of such standards.  
4.4 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of fire hazard assessment standards or fire risk assessment standards.  
4.5 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of standards not related to fire-test responses of materials, products or assemblies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for ASTM Standards,2 which shall be consulted in writing all ASTM standards.  
1.2 This practice contains, directly or by reference, all of the information required to comply with the policy on fire standards and the additional guidelines recommended by Committee E05.  
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-test-response standards (that is, standards for response to heat or flame under prescribed conditions).  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1355-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.  
5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.  
5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:  
5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.  
5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.  
5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.  
5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.  
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:  
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,  
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,  
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and  
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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