ASTM D4033-92
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic Fatigue Method) (Withdrawn 2001)
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic Fatigue Method) (Withdrawn 2001)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of or visual evaluation of yarn slippage and other types of failures in the three most commonly used upholstery seams-warp sewn to warp (wale to wale), filling sewn to filling (course to course), and warp sewn to filling (wale to course). The stresses at the seam are created by imposing a cyclic, impact, and penetrating load which fatigues the seam construction. Note 1-Within this test method it is assumed, for simplicity, that the sample being tested is of a woven construction. In case the sample is of a knot construction, it is only necessary to substitute "wale" for "warp" and "course" for "filling" in the instructions.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 4033 – 92
Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in
Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic Fatigue Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4033; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Federal Standard:
Fed. Std. No. 751a Stitches, Seams, and Stitching
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of or visual
evaluation of yarn slippage and other types of failures in the
3. Terminology
three most commonly used upholstery seams—warp sewn to
3.1 Definitions:
warp (wale to wale), filling sewn to filling (course to course),
3.1.1 fatiguing load, n—in testing sewn seams, the force
and warp sewn to filling (wale to course). The stresses at the
that is repeatedly applied to a test specimen.
seam are created by imposing a cyclic, impact, and penetrating
3.1.2 filling-to-filling seam, n—a sewn seam in which the
load which fatigues the seam construction.
yarns in the filling direction on both sides of the sewn seam are
NOTE 1—Within this test method it is assumed, for simplicity, that the
perpendicular to the seam.
sample being tested is of a woven construction. In case the sample is of a
3.1.3 flagging, n—in sewn seams, a mode of failure evi-
knot construction, it is only necessary to substitute “wale” for “warp” and
denced by slippage of one or more yarns entirely out of the
“course” for “filling” in the instructions.
original seam.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
3.1.4 reinforced seam, n—in sewn fabrics, a seam that
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
includes an additional layer of material on the face or back side
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
of the seam allowance.
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The added material is used to
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
strengthen the seam and delay failure of the seam beyond the
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
minimum acceptable limits and so enable the specimen to pass
specification.
a specified cyclic impact test.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 resistance to yarn slippage, n—at the seam, the force
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
required to displace one or more yarns in a fabric from the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
original position, causing differences in alignment, spacing, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
both.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.6 seam allowance, n—in sewn fabric, the distance from
the edge of a fabric to the parallel stitch line furthest from that
2. Referenced Documents
edge.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.7 sewn seam, n—in sewn fabrics, a juncture at which
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
two or more planar structures such as textile fabrics, are joined
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
by sewing, usually near the edge.
D 3453 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials—
3.1.8 thread break, n—in sewn seams, a mode of failure
Urethane for Furniture and Automotive Cushioning Bed-
evidenced by rupture of the sewing thread.
ding, and Similar Applications
3.1.8.1 Discussion—A sewing thread break is not construed
D 3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab,
as a failure unless the test is being performed as a sewing
Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
thread analysis.
D 3597 Specification for Woven Upholstery Fabrics—
3.1.9 warp-to-filling seam, n—a sewn seam in which the
Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
warp yarns are perpendicular to the sewn seam on one side of
the seam and parallel to the seam on the opposite side of that
seam.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods, 3.1.10 warp-to-warp seam, n—a sewn seam in which the
General.
yarns in the warp direction on both sides of the seam are
Current edition approved August 15, 1992. Published January 1993. Originally
published as D4033 – 82. Last previous edition D4033 – 82.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4033
perpendicular to the seam. forces and stresses for this test method.
3.1.11 yarn break, n—in sewn seams, a mode of failure 6.2 Core Foam (see Specification D 3453)—The foam onto
evidence by yarns rupturing at the seam or at any other area in which two sheets of convolute foam are glued to create the
the test specimen (Syn. yarn burst and yarn tear). polyurethane foam composite. The core foam shall conform to
3.1.12 yarn slippage, n—at the seam in sewn fabrics, the the following requirements:
displacement of one or more yarns from the original position,
Dimensions 230 by 280 by 100 mm (9 by 11 by 4 in.)
3 3
Density 28.8 kg/m (1.8 lb/ft )
causing differences in alignment, spacing, or both.
25 % indentation-force- 3.5 to 4.1 kPa (26 to 30 lb/50 in. )
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
deflection (IFD)
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
Modulus 2.0 min
Tensile strength 82.7 kPa (12 psi) min
Elongation 150 % min
4. Summary of Test Method
Tear strength 10.3 kPa (1.5 psi) min
4.1 A specimen with the type of seam to be tested is
90 % compression set 6 % max
Flex fatigue 30 % max
mounted in the specimen mounting box containing a piece of
resilient polyurethane foam composite that forms a simulated
6.3 Convolute Foam (Specification D 3453)—The type of
seat cushion with appropriate crown height. A fatiguing load is
foam as shown in Fig. 2 which is glued onto the core foam to
applied through a freely moving, rubber-faced wheel which is
create the polyurethane foam composite and conforms to the
automatically dropped onto the specimen from a constant
following requirements:
height. The circumference of the wheel impacts the mounted
Dimensions 230 by 280 by 40 mm (9 by 11 by 1.5 in.)
3 3
specimen 25 mm (1 in.) from the center line of the seam and Density 17.6 kg/m (1.1 lb/ft )
25 % IFD 2.4 to 3.3 kPa (18 to 24 lb/50 in. )
parallel to the seam. Continuous impact cycling is begun and
90 % compression set 10 % max
continued at a constant rate until failure is measured or
Flex fatigue 30 % max
observed, or until 7000 drops (cycles) have been completed.
6.4 Compression Plate—A plate used to compress the test
Passing the test is construed to be the completion of 7000
specimen and polyurethane foam composite in order to prop-
cycles without any of the failures described. Each material
erly clamp the test specimen to the specimen mounting box
sampled is tested with each of the three types of seams defined
(see Fig. 3).
in Section 3.
6.5 Specimen Mounting Box—A box designed to contain the
5. Significance and Use polyurethane foam composite and equipped with the proper
clamping devices for fastening the test specimens (see Fig. 4).
5.1 Test Method D 4033 for measuring the resistance to
6.6 Polyurethane Foam Composite—The filling for the
yarn slippage at the seam in upholstery fabrics is recommended
specimen mounting box consisting of two sheets of convolute
for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of upholstery
foam and one sheet of core foam glued together using a
fabrics since the method does accurately simulate, under
neoprene-based adhesive (see Fig. 5).
controlled conditions, the loads, forces, and subsequent
6.7 Sewing Needle—Size 22 light ball point needle.
stresses imposed on seat cushions and other upholstery seams
6.8 Sewing Thread—100 % nylon bonded monocord thread.
during their use in the field. In cases of disagreement arising
The needle thread shall have a minimum breaking strength of
from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the
35 N (8 lbf) and the bobbin thread shall have a minimum
seller when using this test method for acceptance testing, the
breaking strength of 23 N (5 lbf).
statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser
and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with
7. Sampling
each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly
7.1 Lot Sample—For acceptance testing, take at random the
drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
number of rolls of fabric directed in an applicable material
5.2 Determination can be made as to whether a fabric will
specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the
perform satisfactorily in end use.
supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primary sampling
5.3 Determination can be made as to whether a reinforced
units.
seam (as defined in 3.1.4) is necessary in order that the fabric
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Take a full width swatch2m(2
being tested may perform satisfactorily in end use (refer to
yd) long from the end of each roll of fabric in the lot sample,
Specification D 3597, Table 1).
after first discarding a minimum of1m(1yd) from the outside
5.4 Fabrics that do not meet the requirements agreed upon
of the roll.
between the purchaser and the supplier should be classified as
7.3 Test Specimens—From each swatch, cut enough pieces
delicate or light duty (refer to Table 1) and the purchaser and
to construct three warp-to-warp, three filling-to-filling, and
furniture manufacturer so notified.
three warp-to-filling specimens that are representative of any
6. Apparatus
6.1 Fatiguing Unit—The apparatus used to simulate the 6
Available from Furniture Testing Equipment, RD #1 Box 83, Muncy, PA 17756.
forces and stresses imposed on upholstery seams during use
Available from Textile Innovators Corp., PO Box 115, Dallastown, PA 17313.
Singer 135 3 17 Size 22 or Schmetz NM 140 has been found to be satisfac
...
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