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ASTM D6961/D6961M-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Method E308.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2009
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.17 - Bast Fibers and Plants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6961-03 - Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber
Effective Date
01-Jul-2009

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ASTM D6961/D6961M-09 - Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax FiberASTM D6961/D6961M-09 - Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber
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ASTM D6961/D6961M-09 - Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6961/D6961M − 09
StandardTest Method for
1
Color Measurement of Flax Fiber
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6961/D6961M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 water retting, v—in flax, the process of immersing flax
straw for a period of time in water to effect retting.
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measure-
3.1.2 dew retting, v— in flax, the process of pulling or
ment of flax fiber.
cutting flax straw and leaving on the soil for a period of time
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
to allow partial degradation of straw to effect retting.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.3 enzyme retting, v—in flax, the process of mechanically
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
adding enzyme formulations under precise conditions to pulled
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
or cut flax straw for a period of time to effect retting.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
method, refer to Terminologies D6798 and D123.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Samples of flax fiber are presented to a color spectro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. photometer. Color measurements are taken through a large
aperture port 25.4 millimeter [1-in.] diameter, in order to
2. Referenced Documents
averageoverthenaturalcolorvariationthatoccursinflaxfiber.
2
The instrument aperture is fitted with a quartz window. The
2.1 ASTM Standards:
window serves two functions, namely, to provide a base for
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
compacting the sample during measurement, and to protect the
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
instrument from accumulation of stray fiber particles. CIELAB
D6798 Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
L*, a*, and b* measurements are taken and are instrumentally
E284 Terminology of Appearance
calculated from tristimulus X,Yand Z data, observer function,
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
and illuminant data.
the CIE System
E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
5. Significance and Use
Color Evaluation
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality.
2.2 Other Standard:
Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural
AATCC Evaluation Procedure 6 Instrumental Color Mea-
variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber
3
surement
blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need
for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of
3. Terminology
flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise
3.1 Definitions:
determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are
obtained through specimen measurement by combining speci-
men spectral data with data representing a CIE standard
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.17 on Flax and Linen.
Method E308.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6961–03. DOI:
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between
10.1520/D6961_C6961M-09.
reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, compara-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tive tests should be performed to determine if there is a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-
the ASTM website.
tance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same
(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
www.aatcc.org. lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D6961/D6961M − 09
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ASTM D1574-22(Test Method)
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5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
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1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D2462-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-Test for unpaired data and an acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions discussed in 5.3 and 5.4.  
5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however, the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from published data.3  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.  
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.  
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.  
Note 1: The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2968-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool and Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
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5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers hav...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8394-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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