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ASTM A579/A579M-04a(2009)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings

Standard Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standard requirements for superstrength alloy steel forgings for highly stressed structural members. Covered here are eight types (twenty-seven grades) of alloy steels, namely: quenched and tempered steels (Grades 11, 12, 12a, 13, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, and 33); air hardened steel (Grade 41); martensitic stainless steels (Grades 51, 52, and 53); No. 1 precipitation hardened stainless steel (Grade 61); No. 2 precipitation hardened stainless steel (Grade 64); No. 3 precipitation hardened stainless steels (Grades 62 and 63); maraging steels (Grades 71, 72, 73, 74, and 75); and miscellaneous steels (Grades 81, 82, 83, and 84). The steels shall be manufactured by melting process and shall be finished by hot-worked forging. Forgings may be furnished in one of the following conditions: stress relieving; annealing; solution treatment; solution treatment and ageing; normalizing; normalizing and tempering; or quenching and tempering. Heat and product analyses shall be employed to assess the conformance of steels with required chemical compositions. Forgings shall examined by tension and Charpy impact tests and conform to required mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, reduction of area, minimum room-temperature Charpy V-notch energy absorption, maximum annealed hardness, and section size capability. Nondestructive tests, such as magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and ultrasonic inspection procedures, shall also be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for forged steel shapes for highly stressed structural members requiring yield strengths in excess of 140 ksi [965 MPa].  
1.2 This specification is not intended for applications limited by creep deformation.  
1.3 Twenty-seven grades are covered by this specification. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, and mechanical properties required.  
1.4 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2009
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A579/A579M-04a - Standard Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM F3607-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Maraging Steel via Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM F1511-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Mechanical Seals for Shipboard Pump Applications
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009

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ASTM A579/A579M-04a(2009) - Standard Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel ForgingsASTM A579/A579M-04a(2009) - Standard Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings
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ASTM A579/A579M-04a(2009) - Standard Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A579/A579M −04a(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA579/A579M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E21 TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
1.1 This specification covers requirements for forged steel
Metallic Materials
shapes for highly stressed structural members requiring yield
E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of
strengths in excess of 140 ksi [965 MPa].
Steel
1.2 This specification is not intended for applications lim-
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
ited by creep deformation.
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
Industry
1.3 Twenty-seven grades are covered by this specification.
Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, and
3. Ordering Information and General Requirements
mechanical properties required.
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
1.4 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when
Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with
additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply
the inquiry and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written
only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
description of the forging.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures,
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
marking, certification, product analysis variations, and addi-
with the standard.
tional supplementary requirements.
1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-
with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
pound units.
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Materials and Manufacture
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A255 Test Methods for Determining Hardenability of Steel
4.1 The steel shall be made in accordance with the Melting
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
Process Section of Specification A788/A788M. A sufficient
Steel Forgings
discard shall be made to secure freedom from injurious pipe
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
and undue segregation.
of Steel Products
4.2 The material shall be forged as close as practical to the
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
specified shape and size.
Forgings
4.3 The finished product shall be a hot-worked forging as
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
defined by Specification A788/A788M.
quirements
4.4 Heat Treatment Performed by Forging Supplier—
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Forgings may be furnished in one of the following conditions
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
as specified in the inquiry and purchase order (some conditions
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
are not applicable to all grades):
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
4.4.1 Stress relieved,
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A579/A579M – 04a.
DOI: 10.1520/A0579_A0579M-04AR09.
4.4.2 Annealed,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.4.3 Solution treated,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.4.4 Solution treated and aged,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 4.4.5 Normalized,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A579/A579M − 04a (2009)
4.4.6 Normalized and tempered, or 6. Mechanical Properties
4.4.7 Quenched and tempered.
6.1 The material shall conform to the mechanical properties
4.5 Heat Treatment Performed by Purchaser—When final specified in Table 1, when ordered to 4.4.4 or 4.4.7. For the
other heat treatments specified in 4.4, the provisions of 4.5
heat treatment is to be performed by the purchaser after
machining or fabrication, or both, a capability heat treatment apply.
duplicating the purchaser’s final heat treatment must be per-
6.2 Tension tests are required for all material ordered to this
formed by the supplier on representative samples (see 6.3)to
specification. However, room-temperature Charpy V-notch im-
qualify the forgings. The results of these capability tests shall
pact tests are required only for those grades which have
conform to the requirements of Table 1 and Table 2. See also
minimum impact strength requirements listed in Table 2.
Table 3.
6.3 Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the latest
issue of Test Methods and Definitions A370. The largest
5. Chemical Requirements
obtainable tension test specimen as specified in Test Methods
5.1 Heat Analysis—The heat analysis obtained from sam-
and Definitions A370 shall be used. Impact specimens shall be
pling in accordance with Specification A788/A788M shall
the standard size, Charpy V-notch, as shown in the figure for
comply with Table 4.
the Charpy (Simple-Beam) Impact Test of Test Methods and
5.2 Product Analysis—The product analysis provisions of Definitions A370. The use of subsize impact specimens re-
Specification A788/A788M may be used by the purchaser. quires prior purchaser approval.
TABLE 1 Minimum Tension Test Requirements
A
Grade Yield Strength Tensile Strength, Elongation , Reduction
A
%
(0.2 % offset), ksi [MPa] of Area ,
%
ksi [MPa]
Quench and Tempered
13, 21, 22, 23, 12, 12a 140 [965] 150 [1035] 13 40
13, 21, 22, 23, 11 160 [1100] 175 [1210] 12 36
B
13, 21, 22, 23, 31 180 [1240] 190 [1310] 10 32
B
13, 21, 22, 23 200 [1380] 210 [1450] 9 28
C B
22 , 23, 32, 33 225 [1550] 250 [1720] 6 25
Air Hardening
B
41 200 [1380] 260 [1790] 9 30
B
41 225 [1550] 280 [1930] 8 25
Martensitic Stainless
51, 52, 53 140 [965] 175 [1210] 12 45
52 160 [1100] 220 [1520] 10 40
No. 1 Precipitation Hardening Stainless
61 140 [965] 165 [1140] 12 50
61 160 [1100] 180 [1240] 10 45
B
61 180 [1240] 200 [1380] 8 40
No. 2 Precipitation Hardening Stainless
64 140 [965] 165[(1140] 12 25
64 160 [1100] 185 [1275] 10 25
B
64 180 [1240] 210 [1450] 10 25
No. 3 Precipitation Hardening Stainless
62 140 [965] 165 [1140] 6 25
62, 63 160 [1100] 180 [1240] 6 25
B
63 180 [1240] 200 [1380] 6 25
B
63 200 [1380] 225 [1550] 5 25
Maraging Steels
74 160 [1100] 170 [1170] 15 65
B
75 180 [1240] 190 [1310] 14 60
B
71 200 [1380] 210 [1450] 12 55
B
72 250 [1720] 255 [1760] 10 45
B
73 275 [1895] 280 [1930] 9 40
Miscellaneous
D
81 180 [1240] 190 [1310] 13 45
D
82 200 [1380] 210 [1450] 10 30
D D
83 225 [1550] 260 [1790] 7 20
E D
83 250 [1720] 280 [1930] 4 15
D
84 180 [1240] 185 [1275] 14 45
A
See Note in Table 3.
B
Vacuum melting normally required to achieve list properties.
C
By agreement.
D
Bainitic.
E
Martensitic.
A579/A579M − 04a (2009)
A
TABLE 2 Minimum Room-Temperature Charpy V-Notch Energy Absorption for Respective Yield Strength Classes, ft·lbf [J]
Grade Yield Strength Class, ksi [MPa]
B B B B B
140 160 180 200 225 250 275
[1240] [1380] [1550] [1720] [1900]
[965] [1100]
11 . 45[60] . . . . .
12,12a 50[70] . . . . . .
C
13 20 [25] 10 [15] . . . .
21 35 [45] 30 [40] 20 [25] 15 [20] . . . . . . . . .
22 30 [40] 25 [35] 20 [25] 15 [20] . . . . . . . . .
23 35 [45] 25 [35] 20 [25] 15 [20] 10 [15] . . . . . .
31 . . 25[35] . . . .
32 . . . . 12[17] . .
33 . . . . 15[20] . .
C
41 . . . 15[20] . .
51 15[20] . . . . . .
CC
52 . . . . .
C
53 . . . . . .
C
61 25 [35] . . . . . . .
CC
62 . . . . .
CCC
63 . . . .
64 25 [35] 15 [20] 15 [20] . . . . . . . . . . . .
71 . . . 35[45] . . .
72 . . . . . 20[25] .
73 . . . . . . 15[20]
74 . 60[80] 50[70] . . . .
81 . . 25[35] . . . .
82 . . . 20[25] . . .
83 . . . . 15[20] 10[15] .
84 . . 25[35] . . . .
A
See Note in Table 3.
B
Vacuum melting may be required to achieve listed properties.
C
By agreement.
TABLE 3 Material, Maximum Annealed Hardness (HB), and Section Size Capability in Inches [mm] for
Respective Yield Strength Classes
NOTE 1—Tables 1-3 show grades and maximum section sizes in which the indicated yield strength levels can usually be achieved at a 1/4 thickness
depth in the direction of maximum working. Because of variations in forging configuration and processing it does not follow that the ductility and impact
strengths listed in Table 1 and Table 2 can always be obtained at these depths. The properties listed are minimums, unless otherwise agreed by purchaser
and manufacturer.
Grade Maximum Yield Strength Class, ksi [MPa]
Annealed
140 160 180 200 225 250 275
Hardness
[965] [1100] [1240] [1380] [1550] [1720] [1900]
(HB)
11 321 . . . 6.5 [165] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12, 12a . . . 4.0 [100] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 229 1.0 [25] 1.0 [25] 1.0 [25] . . . . . . . . . . . .
21 285 4.5 [115] 4.5 [115] 4.0 [100] 4.0 [100] . . . . . . . . .
22 302 4.5 [115] 4.5 [115] 4.0 [100] 4.0 [100] 3.5 [90] . . . . . .
23 302 8.0 [200] 8.0 [200] 8.0 [200] 8.0 [200] 8.0 [200] . . . . . .
31 262 . . 3.0[75] . . . .
32 302 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 [140] . . . . . .
33 302 . . . . 2.0[50] . .
41 235 . . . . . . . . . 6.0 [150] 6.0 [150] . . . . . .
51 197 2.0[50] . . . . . .
52 255 2.0 [50] 2.0 [50] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53 285 4.0 [100] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61 375 8.0 [200] 8.0 [200] 1.0 [25] . . . . . . . . . . . .
62 207 6.0 [150] 6.0 [150] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63 241 . . . 6.0 [150] 6.0 [150] 6.0 [150] . . . . . . . . .
64 321 6.0 [150] 6.0 [150] 6.0 [150] . . . . . . . . . . . .
71 321 . . . . . . . . . 12.0 [300] . . . . . . . . .
72 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 [300] . . .
73 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 [300]
74 321 . . . 12.0 [300] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75 321 . . . . . . 12.0 [300] . . . . . . . . . . . .
81 341 . . . . . . 6.0 [150] . . . . . . . . . . . .
82 341 . . . . . . . . . 5.0 [125] . . . . . . . . .
83 341 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 [75] 3.0 [75] . . .
84 341 . . . . . . 6.0 [150] . . . . . . . . . . . .
A579/A579M − 04a (2009)
TABLE 4 Chemical Requirements
Elements Composition, %
min max min max min max min max min max min max min max
Grade 11 12 12a 13 21 22 23
Carbon 0.23 0.28 . . . 0.12 . . . 0.20 0.27 0.33 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.43 0.45 0.50
Manganese . . . 0.20 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90 0.40 0.60 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90
Phosphorus . . . 0.01 . . . 0.010 . . . 0.015 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.015
Sulfur . . . 0.01 . . . 0.010 . . . 0.015 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.015
Silicon . . . 0.10 0.20 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.15 0.30
Nickel 2.75 3.25 4.75 5.25 4.75 5.25 . . . . . . 1.65 2.00 1.65 2.00 0.40 0.70
Chromium 1.40 1.65 0.40 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.80 1.10 0.65 0.90 0.70 0.90 0.90 1.20
Molybdenum 0.8 1.0 0.30 0.65 0.30 0.65 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.60 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.10
Vanadium . . . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.17 0.23 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.15
Columbium 0.03 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
Grade 31 32 33 41 51 52 53
Carbon 0.23 0.28 0.40 0.45 0.41 0.46 0.38 0.43 . . . 0.15 0.20 0.25 . . . 0.20
Manganese 1.20 1.50 0.65 0.90 0.75 1.00 0.20 0.40 . . . 1.00 0.50 1.00 . . . 1.00
Phosphorus . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.015 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025
Sulfur . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.015 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025
Silicon 1.30 1.70 1.45 1.80 1.40 1.75 0.80 1.00 . . . 1.00 . . . 0.50 . . . 1.00
Nickel 1.65 2.00 1.65 2.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.75 0.50 1.00 1.25 2.50
Chromium 0.20 0.40 0.65 0.90 1.90 2.25 4.75 5.25 11.5 13.5 11.0 12.5 15.0 17.0
Molybdenum 0.35 0.45 0.30 0.45 0.45 0.60 1.20 1.40 . . . 0.50 0.90 1.25 . . . . . .
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 . .
Vanadium . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.08 0.40 0.60 . . . . . . 0.20 0.30 . . . . . .
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 . . . . . .
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . 0.05 . 0.05 . .
Tungsten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 1.25 . . . . . .
Tin . . . . . . . . . 0.05 . 0.04 . .
A,B A,B A,B A,B A,B A,B A,B
Grade 61 62 63 64 71 72 73
Carbon . . . 0.07 . . . 0.09 . . . 0.09 0.10 0.15 . . . 0.03 . . . 0.03 . . . 0.03
Manganese . . . 1.00 . . . 1.00 . . . 1.00 0.50 1.25 . . . 0.10 . . . 0.10 . . . 0.10
Phosphorus . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.01 . . . 0.01 . . . 0.01
Sulfur . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.025 . . . 0.01 . . . 0.01 . . . 0.01
Silicon . . . 1.00 . . . 1.00 . . . 0.50 . . . 0.50 . . . 0.10 . . . 0.10 . . . 0.10
Nickel 3.0 5.0 6.5 7.75 6.5 7.75 4.0 5.0 17.0 19.0 17.0 19.0 18.0 19.0
Chromium 15.5 17.5 16.0 18.0 14.0 15.25 15.0 16.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molybdenum . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 2.75 2.50 3.25 3.0 3.5 4.6 5.2 4.6 5.2
Copper 3.0 5.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.50 0.50 0.80
Columbium 0.15 0.45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cobalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 9.0 7.0 8.5 8.5 9.5
Aluminum . . . . . . 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.25 . . . . . . 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07 0.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A,B A,B A,B A,B A,B A,B
Grade 74 75 81 82 83 84
Carbon . . . 0.03 . . . 0.03 0.24 0.30 0.28 0.34 0.42 0.
...

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ASTM A456/A456M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.  
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
1.2.1 Class 1.  
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).  
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).  
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A418/A418M-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
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1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.  
1.5 This practice for inspection applies to solid cylindrical forgings having outer diameters of not less than 2.5 in. [64 mm] nor greater than 100 in. [2540 mm]. It also applies to cylindrical forgings with concentric cylindrical bores having wall thicknesses of 2.5 [64 mm] in. or greater, within the same outer diameter limits as for solid cylinders. For solid sections less than 15 in. [380 mm] in diameter and for bored cylinders of less than 7.5 in. [190 mm] wall thickness the transducer used for the inspection will be different than the transducer used for larger sections.  
1.6 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the...

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ASTM
ASTM A105/A105M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Included are flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts ordered either to dimensions specified by the purchaser or to dimensional standards such as the MSS, ASME, and API specifications referenced in Section 2. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M. Tubesheets and hollow cylindrical forgings for pressure vessel shells are not included within the scope of this specification. Although this specification covers some piping components machined from rolled bar and seamless tubular products (see 5.2), it does not cover raw material produced in these product forms.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.3 Specification A266/A266M covers other steel forgings and Specifications A675/A675M and A696 cover other steel bars.  
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A1090/A1090M-19(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Forged Rings and Hollows for Use as Base Plates in Power Transmission Structures

ABSTRACT
This specification is intended for high-strength, low-alloy forged rings and hollows produced from steels with atmospheric corrosion resistance for use as base plates in welded tubular structures. These steels have considerably better atmospheric corrosion resistance in most environments than carbon structural steel with or without copper addition, and are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition when exposed to the atmosphere. The standard covers ordering information and general requirements for delivery, materials and manufacture, heat treatment, mechanical requirements, and the material's chemical composition.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-strength, low-alloy steel ring and hollow forgings intended primarily for use as base plates in welded tubular structures for power transmission applications. However, use of this specification is not restricted to such applications and it may be used in other applications for which the attributes of the materials, as defined by this specification, are appropriate.  
1.2 The atmospheric corrosion resistance of Grades A, B, and C in most environments is substantially better than that of carbon structural steel with or without copper addition (see Note 1). When exposed to the atmosphere, these grades are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition.
Note 1: See Guide G101 for methods of estimating the atmospheric corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels.  
1.3 The thickness of forgings is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the thickness of forgings furnished under this specification to a range of 2 in. to 6 in. [51 mm to 152 mm].
Note 2: When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service should be used. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.  
1.4 The text of this specification contains notes, footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements are available but shall apply only when specified by the purchaser at the time of ordering.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A471/A471M-19(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A472/A472M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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