ASTM D4436-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Rock Bolt Long-Term Load Retention Test
Standard Test Method for Rock Bolt Long-Term Load Retention Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock bolts are used for support in a variety of mining and civil engineering situations.3 After a bolt is installed, the load generally decreases over time due to deterioration of the borehole wall, creep, and other factors. This process may be arrested by fully encapsulating the bolt shortly after installation. This is generally done by pumping the bolt hole full of cement grout, though synthetic resins may also be used. This encapsulation is generally done by pumping the bolt hole full of cement grout, though synthetic resins may also be used. The rate of load loss determines the interval during which the bolt must be encapsulated during construction.
5.2 The local characteristics of the rock, such as roughness of the borehole and induced fractures, are significant factors in the load loss characteristics of the bolt. To obtain realistic values, the test holes should be drilled using the same methods as those used for the construction boreholes.
5.3 In establishing a testing program, the following factors should be considered:
5.3.1 Load retention tests should be conducted in all rock types where construction bolts will be installed. If the rock is anisotropic, for example, bedded or schistose, the tests should be conducted in the same orientations relative to the anisotropy as the construction bolts will be installed.
5.3.2 In each rock type, at each orientation, and for each anchor system, a sufficient number of tests should be conducted to determine the average and minimum long-term capacities within a fixed uncertainty band at the 95 % confidence level. The allowable uncertainty band depends on the project and involves such factors as rock quality, expected project lifetime, and importance of the areas to be bolted. The uncertainty band determination will require considerable engineering judgment. As a rough guideline, at least six long-term tests for a single set of variables have been found necessary to satisfy the statistical requirements. ...
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this test method is to determine the time over which rock bolt tension decreases from the installed value to a designated minimum value.
1.2 This test method is applicable to any anchor system which is not fully encapsulated immediately upon installation, including mechanical, cement grout, resin (epoxy, polyester, and the like) or other similar systems.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pounds shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine t...
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Designation: D4436 − 13
StandardTest Method for
1
Rock Bolt Long-Term Load Retention Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 The objective of this test method is to determine the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
time over which rock bolt tension decreases from the installed D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
value to a designated minimum value. Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.2 This test method is applicable to any anchor system
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
which is not fully encapsulated immediately upon installation,
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
including mechanical, cement grout, resin (epoxy, polyester,
D4435 Test Method for Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
and the like) or other similar systems.
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
Data
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
3. Terminology
information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
test results in units other than inch-pounds shall not be
in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound 3.2.1 load—the total axial force on the rock bolt.
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
3.2.2 design load—the load specified for the rock bolt
is slugs.
during the life of the project.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
3.2.3 installation load—the load on the bolt immediately
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
after installation.
Practice D6026.
3.2.4 stand time—the time required for the bolt load to
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
decrease from the installation load to the design load.
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
4. Summary of Test Method
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
4.1 A rock bolt is installed in the same manner and in the
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
same material as its intended support use. The load on the bolt
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
is monitored over a period of time, usually several weeks.
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
5. Significance and Use
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
5.1 Rock bolts are used for support in a variety of mining
3
methods for engineering design.
and civil engineering situations. After a bolt is installed, the
load generally decreases over time due to deterioration of the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
borehole wall, creep, and other factors. This process may be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and the ASTM website.
3
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics. For additional information see, “Suggested Method for Monitoring Rock Bolt
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally Tension Using Load Cells,” Suggested Methods for Rock Bolt Testing, International
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4436 – 08. DOI: Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Standardization of Laboratory and
10.1520/D4436-13. Field Tests, 1974.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4436 − 08 D4436 − 13
Standard Test Method for
1
Rock Bolt Long-Term Load Retention Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 The objective of this test method is to determine the time over which rock bolt tension decreases from the installed value
to a designated minimum value.
1.2 This test method is applicable to any anchor system which is not fully encapsulated immediately upon installation, including
mechanical, cement grout, resin (epoxy, polyester, and the like) or other similar systems.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units
other than inch-pounds shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The methodprocedures used to specify how data are collected, calculated, collected/recorded or recordedcalculated, in this
standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies
the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative
of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase
or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard
to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4435 Test Method for Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging: Mechanical Caliper
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See For definitions of common technical terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653 for general
definitions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 load—the total axial force on the rock bolt.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008December 2013. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20042008 as
D4436 – 04.D4436 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D4436-08.10.1520/D4436-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4436 − 13
3.2.2 design load—the load specified for the rock bolt during the life of the project.
3.2.3 installation load—the load on the bolt immediately after installation.
3.2.4 stand time—the time required for the bolt load to decrease from the installation load to the design load.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A rock
...
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