ASTM D1282-96(2005)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average fiber diameter of wool fibers by use of the Port-Ar, and the WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter instrument, which operate on the air-flow principle. Other air-flow instruments have not been tested with this method. The method is directly applicable to non-medullated, carded wool and wool top.
1.2 This test method is applicable to grease wool and scoured wool after the samples of such materials have been prepared as directed in Test Method D 2130.
Note 1-The use of the Micronaire instrument for measuring the fineness of cotton fibers is covered in Test Method D 1448. The assignment of grade for wool and mohair is covered in Specifications D 3991 and D 3992.
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Designation: D 1282 – 96 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Airflow as an Indication of Average Fiber
Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver, and Scoured Wool
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the average 3.1 Definitions:
fiber diameter of wool fibers by use of the Port-Ar and the 3.1.1 sliver, n—a continuous strand of loosely assembled
WIRAFiber Fineness Meter instrument, which operate on the fibersthatisapproximatelyuniformincross-sectionalareaand
air-flow principle. Other air-flow instruments have not been without twist.
tested with this method. The method is directly applicable to 3.1.2 specific area, n—of wool, the ratio of the fiber surface
non-medullated, carded wool and wool top. to fiber volume.
1.2 This test method is applicable to grease wool and 3.1.3 top, n—in wool, a continuous untwisted strand of
scoured wool after the samples of such materials have been wool fibers from which the shorter fibers or noils have been
prepared as directed in Test Method D2130. removed by combing.
3.1.4 wool, n—the fibrous covering of the sheep, ovis
NOTE 1—The use of the Micronaire instrument for measuring the
species.
fineness of cotton fibers is covered in Test Method D1448.
3.1.5 For definition of other textile terms used in the
The assignment of grade for wool and mohair is covered in Specifica-
tions D3991 and D3992. method, refer to Terminology D123.
2. Referenced Documents 4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1 The resistance to air flow of predetermined mass of
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles wool compressed to a fixed volume is measured. The instru-
D1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack- ments approved for use have been calibrated to read average
ages for Determination of Percentage of CleanWool Fiber diameterinmicrometres.Specimensofwooltopareratedwith
Present a Wool Top Scale and specimens of carded, scoured wool and
D1448 Test Method for Micronaire Reading of Cotton scoured ⁄2-in. (13.0-mm) cores are rated with a Scoured Wool
Fibers Scale. If instruments are properly calibrated, results are inter-
D2130 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other changeable.
Animal Fibers by Microprojection
5. Significance and Use
D3991 Specification for Fineness of Wool or Mohair and
5.1 Thistestmethodisnotrecommendedfortheacceptance
Assignment of Grade
D3992 Specification for Fineness of Wool Top or Mohair testing of commercial shipments of wool top, card sliver, or
Top and Assignment of Grade scouredwoolsincetherefereemethod,TestMethodD2130,is
recommended for that purpose. Although this test method is
2.2 Other Standard:
IWTO-6-92(E) MethodofTestfortheDeterminationofThe not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful for fast
quality control checks.
Mean Diameter of Wool Fibers in Combed Sliver Using
the Air-Flow Apparatus 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance
IWTO-28-82(E) Determination By The Airflow Method of
the Mean Fibre Diameter of Core Samples of Raw Wool testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originally
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D1282–96.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 1282 – 96 (2005)
1) Balance Adjustment Knob 8) Porosity Calibration Control
2) Balance Pan 9) Compression Lever
3) Air Reservoir 10) Calibrator Plug Plunger
4) Meter Zero Adjustment Screw 11) Porosity Calibrator Plug
5) Porosity Test Chamber Lid 12) Calibration Weight
6) Differential Pressure Gage 13) Weighing Balance Mechanism
7) Porosity Zero Control 14) Atomizer Bulb
FIG. 1 Port-Ar Apparatus
specimensshouldthenberandomlyassignedinequalnumbers
toeachlaboratoryfortesting.Theaverageresultsfromthetwo
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinviewofthe
known bias.
5.2 The specific area of the wool fibers is measured by the
resistanceinairflow.Theresistancetoairflowhasbeenrelated
to average fiber diameter measured by the microprojection
method. The instruments have been calibrated to read average
diameter in micrometres. Although the reading is affected by
the average fiber diameter distribution of the specimen, the
results secured by the instruments give no indication of this
distribution. However, in converting the micrometres reading
to millitex units (AnnexA1), low, medium, and high standard
deviations were used in the calculations to arrive at the range
of millitex units which accordingly reflect the distribution of
fiber diameters.
1) Metal specimen container 6) Gage tube
2) Packing rod 7) Millimetre scale
3) Plunger 8) Vacuum supply
4) Retaining collar 9) Upper gage tube mark
5) Control knob 10) Lower gage tube mark
FIG. 2 WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter
D 1282 – 96 (2005)
provide a sampling plan which at the specified level of the property of
6. Apparatus, Materials, and Reagent
interest has a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable
6.1 Port-Ar , described in this method and shown in Fig. 1.
quality level, and limiting quality level.
6.2 WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter , described in this method
9.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for ac-
and shown in Fig. 2.
ceptance testing, take the number of subsamples from each
6.2.1 Scale graduated in millimetres.
package in the lot sample as directed in an applicable material
6.2.2 Calibrationchartconvertingfloatheightinmillimetres
specificationorotheragreementbetweenthepurchaserandthe
to diameter in micrometres.
supplier, such as an agreement to use Practice D1060 if baled
6.2.3 Air pump capable of furnishing a constant vacuum of
or bagged wool is to be tested.
609.6 mm (24 in.) of mercury.
6.2.4 Tables of correction values to correct observed results 9.3 Test Specimens:
in micrometres to deviations from standard conditions, 20°C
9.3.1 Port-Ar Procedure—Take one specimen per labora-
(68°F) and 65% relative humidity, as shown in Annex A2.
tory sampling unit.
6.3 Trichloroethane or equivalent solvent.
9.3.2 Wira Procedure—Take one specimen per laboratory
6.4 Working Reference Samples, three, prepared by each
sampling unit.
laboratory for use in checking the instruments. One working
referencesampleshouldbeselectedfromeachofthefollowing
10. Specimen Preparation
ranges of grade: (1) up to and including 48’s, (2) 50’s to 60’s
10.1 Prepare test specimens of wool top, card sliver,
inclusive, and (3) 62’s or finer. These samples of uniform
scoured, or grease wool as directed in Test Method D2130.
fineness with a low standard deviation, as explained inAppen-
dix A1.1, must be thoroughly tested both by the air-flow 10.2 Ifnomechanicalcardisavailable,taketwosubsamples
instrument being used and by the microprojection method. of scoured wool, each weighing approximately 4g more than
6.5 Standard Reference Samples —Threesamplesareavail- the mass of wool required for measurement in the air-flow
instrument being used; hand card these subsamples at least 30
able with the following average fiber diameters: 20.7 µm, 27.3
µm and 37.4 µm. strokes each and prepare a test specimen from each of them.
10.3 Rinsealltestspecimensintherecommendedsolventto
7. Hazards
reduce the extractable matter to less than 1% of the specimen
7.1 Refer to the manufacturer’s material safety data sheet
mass. Condition the test specimens as prescribed in 11.1 or
for information on handling, use, storage, and disposal of
11.2.Fromtheconditionedtestspecimen,weightheamountof
trichloroethane or equivalent solvent.
wool required for measurement in the air-flow instrument
7.2 Use trichloroethane or equivalent solvent in well-
being used.
ventilated hood due to the associated health hazards.
10.3.1 Port-Ar—Place approximately 12.5g of the condi-
tioned wool specimen in the balance basket. One pump of the
8. Calibration of Apparatus
atomizerbulbwillindicatewhetherthespecimenistoolightor
8.1 Calibrate the instrument on arrival in accordance with
too heavy: If the meter reads above the red triangle, the
instructions in Annex A2.
specimen is too heavy; if below, the specimen is too light.
8.2 Recalibrate the instrument each day. Verify calibration
Adjust the specimen to 12.5g by adding or removing small
after each 4h of use or whenever an operational problem is
amountsofwool.Themeterindicatesthemassofthespecimen
noted.
to within6 0.5% if the pointer is on scale, so the mass needs
to be adjusted only until the pointer reads within the red
9. Sampling
triangle.
9.1 Lot Sample—For acceptance testing, take at random the
NOTE 3—The accuracy of the balance should be thoroughly checked
number of shipping containers directed in an applicable mate-
before and while using the Port-Ar. The specimen may be weighed on a
rialspecificationorotheragreementbetweenthepurchaserand
separate balance.
the supplier, such as an agreement to use Practice D1060.
10.3.2 WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter—Weigh a 2.500 6
Considershippingcontainerstobetheprimarysamplingunits.
0.005 g test specimen. Remove pieces of vegetable matter and
NOTE 2—A realistic specification or other agreement between the
other impurities before weighing.
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between shipping containers, between laboratory samples within a ship-
11. Conditioning
pingcontainer,andbetweenspecimenswithinalaboratorysamplesoasto
11.1 For tests made on the Port-Ar as directed in 11.2,
reasonable results may be obtained even if the standard
The Port-Ar instrument, trademark for a product manufactured by Zellweger
atmosphere for testing is not available since the instrument
Uster, 456 Troy Circle, P.O. Box 51720, Knoxville, TN 37950, has been found
uses low-pressure ambient air. Keep the instrument in a
satisfactory for this purpose.
draft-free room, away from radiators, sunlight, and other
The WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter, trademark for a product manufactured by
Reynolds and Branson Ltd., for Thorn Bendix Ltd., Beech Ave., New Barford,
elements which disturb temperature or air. Allow the instru-
Nottingham NG7 7JJ England.This instrument is available from Lawson-Hemphill
ment and the well-opened wool to be tested to remain in the
Sales, Inc., P.O. Drawer 6388, Spartanburg, SC 29304.
same atmospheric conditions for approximately 4h before the
May be obtained from Agricultural Marketing Service, Livestock and Seed
Division, 711 “O” Street, Greeley, CO 80631. specimens are tested.
D 1282 – 96 (2005)
11.2 For tests made on the WIRA Fiber Fineness meter as 12.2.6 For wool above 30 micrometres make four readings
directed in 12.2, bring the test specimen to moisture equilib- on each of four weighings and for wool of 30 micrometres or
rium with the standard atmosphere. A 4h conditioning period
less make four readings on each of three weighings.
is usually sufficient.
13. Calculation
12. Procedure
13.1 Calculate the average fiber diameter of the lot from all
12.1 Procedure with the Port-Ar:
the readings, to the nearest 0.05 µm.
12.1.1 Wool Top, Card Sliver, Scoured Wool, Grease Wool—
Usingtheweighedtestspecimen,(see10.3.1)placeoneendof
14. Report
the sliver in the chamber and tamp in the remainder. Do not
fold the wool top before placing in the chamber. When all of
14.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inTest
the specimen has been forced into the chamber, close the
Method D1282. Describe the material or product sampled and
compression chamber lid, 5, in place. Pull forward on the
the method of sampling used.
compression lever, 9, until it locks in place.Apply air pressure
14.2 Report the following information:
either by the atomizer bulb or by the electric pump to fill the
14.2.1 The average fiber diameter to the nearest 0.05 µm.
pressure tank (Note 3). Read the diameter in micrometres on
14.2.2 The number of test specimens used and the number
the scale as the piston settles. Record the reading and remove
of readings made on each specimen.
thespecimen,carefullyreopenitbyhandtoeliminatecompact
areas, replace the specimen in the chamber and make a second 14.2.3 The solvent used if not trichloroethane.
reading.
14.2.4 For the Port-Ar, the conditions under which the
testing was carried out, if the standard atmosphere for testing
NOTE 4—In using the electric pump, some operators find continuous
was not used, and if the instrument was calibrated using the
operation advantageous. Satisfactory results will be obtained in this case
if calibration adjustments are also made with the pump running continu-
standardcalibrationswitchplunger,10,orwell-measuredwool
ously.Asmall reservoir tank or “bladder” mounted in the air line between
samples.
the pump and the instrument will reduce needle vibration.
NOTE 5—Port-Ar instrument described in Fig. 1 is calibrated for wool
15. Precision and Bias
grade (Top and wool). Port-Ar instrument is also available for measuring
mohair fibers.
15.1 Summary—Incomparingtwoaverages,thedifferences
12.2 Procedure with the WIRA Fiber Fineness Meter: shouldnotexceedthefollowingcriticaldifferencesin95cases
out of 100 when all of the observations are taken by the same
12.2.1 Feed the weighed specimen into the metal container,
meanwhile pushing the wool down evenly into the container well-trained operator using the same piece of test equipment
w
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