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ASTM G65-00e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this test method to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.  
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.  
Note 1--In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 X 10-5in3.  
1.3 This test method covers four recommended procedures which are appropriate for specific degrees of wear resistance or thicknesses of the test material.  
1.3.1 Procedure A -This is a relatively severe test which will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.  
1.3.2  Procedure B -A short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume-loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.
1.3.3  Procedure C -A short-term variation of Procedure A for use on thin coatings.  
1.3.4  Procedure D -This is a lighter load variation of Procedure A which is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of a specific generic type or materials which would be very close in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.  
1.3.5 Procedure E -A short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2000
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.30 - Abrasive Wear
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G65-00 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Oct-2000
Replaced By
ASTM G65-04 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Referred By
ASTM B611-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard Materials
Effective Date
10-Oct-2000

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ASTM G65-00e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel ApparatusASTM G65-00e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
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ASTM G65-00e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: G 65 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel
1
Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG65;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—The designation year date was corrected editorially in May 2001.
1. Scope low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of
a specific generic type or materials which would be very close
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de-
in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.
termining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching
1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B
abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the
that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or
intentofthistestmethodtoproducedatathatwillreproducibly
low-abrasion resistance.
rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
a specified set of conditions.
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified.
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower
limitations prior to use.
volume loss.
NOTE 1—In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the 2. Referenced Documents
intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be
2.1 ASTM Standards:
reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1
3
D 2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer
−5 3
mm =6.102 310 in .
2
Hardness
1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures
E11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
whichareappropriateforspecificdegreesofwearresistanceor 3
poses
thicknesses of the test material.
E122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
1.3.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test which
3
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in
3
ASTM Test Methods
ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance. 4
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
1.3.2 Procedure B—Ashort-term variation of ProcedureA.
2.2 American Foundrymen’s Society Standards:
It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is 5
AFS Foundry Sand Handbook, 7th Edition
particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-
abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when 3. Terminology
thevolume–lossvaluesdevelopedbyProcedureAexceeds100
3.1 Definition:
3
mm .
3.1.1 abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard
1.3.3 Procedure C—A short-term variation of Procedure A
protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface
for use on thin coatings.
(Terminology G40).
1.3.4 Procedure D—This is a lighter load variation of
NOTE 2—Thisdefinitioncoversseveraldifferentwearmodesormecha-
ProcedureAwhichisparticularlyusefulinrankingmaterialsof
nisms that fall under the abrasive wear category. These modes may
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
3
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4
Wear. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
5
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originally Available from American Foundrymen’s Society, Golf and Wolf Roads, Des
e1
published as G65–80. Last previous edition G65–94 (2000) . Plaines, IL 60016.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G65
degrade a surface by scratching, cutting, deformation, or gouging (1 and
duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape,
6
6).
pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used
to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific
4. Summary of Test Method
environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of mate-
4.1 The dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion test (Fig. 1) in-
rials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an
volves the abrading of a standard test specimen with a grit of
abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test
controlled size and compositio
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

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5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 3). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
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5.1 The Miller Number5 is an index of the relative abrasivity of slurries. Its primary purpose is to rank the abrasivity of slurries in terms of the wear of a standard reference material. The wear damage on the standard wear block is worse as the Miller Number gets higher.  
5.2 The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher.  
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5.4 The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems.
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5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of materials will depend on many factors concerning the conditions of service applications. The users of this test method should determine the degree of correlation of the results obtained with those from field performance or results using other test systems and methods. This test method may be used to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified conditions of testing.
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5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in conducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard reporting format for friction data is encouraged.  
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.  
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data. The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format that will enable computer databases to be readily established. These databases can be searched for material couples and tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient information on test conditions will be available to determine applicability of the friction data to the engineer's specific needs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selection of a method for measuring the frictional properties of materials. Requirements for minimum data and a format for presenting these data are suggested. The use of the suggested reporting form will increase the long-term usefulness of the test results within a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange of test results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of a uniform reporting format will provide the basis for the preparation of handbooks and computerized databases.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Characteristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane

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5.1 Rolling friction like sliding friction depends upon many factors. It is a system effect that involves the nature of the rolling surface and the counterface. The sliding friction force (F) is usually considered to be the sum of forces arising from deformations of surface features (Fs), from attractive forces (atomic, molecular, etc.) at contact points (Fa) and force from interaction of films and particulates on the rubbing surfaces (Ff):
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5.2 There are countless applications where it is important to quantify the rolling characteristics of a particular spherical shape on a particular surface. The interlaboratory tests conducted for this test method were performed on hardened steel balls like those used in ball bearings. This test method could be used to assess the effect of different counterface surfaces on the rolling characteristics of balls for ball bearings. Conversely, it could be used as a quality control test on balls. Surface imperfections/defects/films, etc. on the balls can affect how they roll: the distance traveled on a common counterface.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an angled launch ramp to initiate rolling of a sphere or nearly spherical shape on a flat horizontal surface to determine the rolling friction characteristics of a given spherical shape on a given surface.  
1.1.1 Steel balls on a surface plate were used in interlaboratory tests (see Appendix X1). Golf balls on a green, soccer and lacrosse balls on playing surfaces, bowling balls on an a lane, basketballs on hardwood, and marbles on composite surface were tested in the development of this test method, but the test applies to any sphere rolling on any flat horizontal surface.  
1.1.2 The rolling friction of spheres on horizontal surfaces is affected by the spherical shape’s stiffness, radius of curvature, surface texture, films on the surface, the nature of the counterface surface; there are many factors to consider. This test method takes all of these factors into consideration. The spherical shape of interest is rolled on the surface of interest using a standard ramp to initiate rolling and standard techniques to measure and treat the rolled distance after leaving the ramp.  
1.1.3 This test method produces a rolling resistance number on a specific spherical shape on a specific surface. It is intended for comparing similar tribosystems. For example, the rolling resistances of marbles on a particular surface are not to be compared with the rolling resistance of soccer balls on grass, because their masses and diameters are very different as are the counterface surfaces on which they roll.  
1.1.4 Different launch ramps are appropriate for different types of spherical shapes. If a sphere of interest cannot be accommodated with using one of the launch ramps discussed in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, a different launch ramp can be developed and added with future revisions to this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measu...

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ASTM
ASTM G171-03(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made.  
5.3 The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating.  
5.4 This...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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