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ASTM G65-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1  and 2). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this test method to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss. Note 1In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 10 5  in3.
1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures which are appropriate for specific degrees of wear resistance or thicknesses of the test material.
1.3.1 Procedure AThis is a relatively severe test which will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.
1.3.2 Procedure BA short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume-loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.
1.3.3 Procedure CA short-term variation of Procedure A for use on thin coatings.
1.3.4 Procedure DThis is a lighter load variation of Procedure A which is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of a specific generic type or materials which would be very close in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.
1.3.5 Procedure EA short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.
This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2004
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.30 - Abrasive Wear
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G65-00e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Replaced By
ASTM G65-04(2010) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM B611-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004

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ASTM G65-04 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel ApparatusASTM G65-04 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
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ASTM G65-04 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G65 – 04
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel
1
Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG65;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope a specific generic type or materials which would be very close
in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de-
1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B
termining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching
that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or
abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the
low-abrasion resistance.
intentofthistestmethodtoproducedatathatwillreproducibly
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
a specified set of conditions.
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified.
limitations prior to use.
Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower
volume loss.
2. Referenced Documents
2
NOTE 1—In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer
reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1
3
Hardness
−5 3
mm =6.102 310 in .
E11 SpecificationforWovenWireTestSieveClothandTest
1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures
Sieves
whichareappropriateforspecificdegreesofwearresistanceor
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
thicknesses of the test material.
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
1.3.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test which
of a Lot or Process
will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in
ASTM Test Methods
ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
1.3.2 Procedure B—Ashort-term variation of ProcedureA.
2.2 American Foundrymen’s Society Standards:
It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is 3
AFS Foundry Sand Handbook, 7th Edition
particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-
abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when 3. Terminology
thevolume–lossvaluesdevelopedbyProcedureAexceeds100
3.1 Definition:
3
mm .
3.1.1 abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard
1.3.3 Procedure C—A short-term variation of Procedure A
protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface
for use on thin coatings.
(Terminology G40).
1.3.4 Procedure D—This is a lighter load variation of
NOTE 2—Thisdefinitioncoversseveraldifferentwearmodesormecha-
ProcedureAwhichisparticularlyusefulinrankingmaterialsof
nisms that fall under the abrasive wear category. These modes may
low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Wear. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally the ASTM website.
´1 3
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as G65–00 . DOI: Available from American Foundrymen’s Society, Golf and Wolf Roads, Des
10.1520/G0065-04. Plaines, IL 60016.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G65–04
duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape,
pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used
to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific
environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of mate-
rials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an
abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test
materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive
environment may, however, be compared with test data ob-
tained from a material whose life is known in t
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 3). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
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5.2 The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher.  
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5.4 The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems.
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1.1 This test method is concerned with the determination of material loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement erosion with jet nozzle type erosion equipment. This test method can be used in the laboratory to measure the solid particle erosion of different materials and has been used as a screening test for ranking solid particle erosion rates of materials in simulated service environments. Erosion service takes place under conditions where particle sizes, chemistry, microstructure, velocity, attack angles, temperature, environments, etc., vary over a wide range. Hence, any single laboratory test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected service performance. This test method describes one well characterized procedure for solid particle impingement erosion measurement for which interlaboratory test results are available from multiple laboratories.  
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5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)  
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Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in conducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard reporting format for friction data is encouraged.  
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.  
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data. The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format that will enable computer databases to be readily established. These databases can be searched for material couples and tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient information on test conditions will be available to determine applicability of the friction data to the engineer's specific needs.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information to assist in the selection of a method for measuring the frictional properties of materials. Requirements for minimum data and a format for presenting these data are suggested. The use of the suggested reporting form will increase the long-term usefulness of the test results within a given laboratory and will facilitate the exchange of test results between laboratories. It is hoped that the use of a uniform reporting format will provide the basis for the preparation of handbooks and computerized databases.  
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ASTM G194-08(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Characteristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rolling friction like sliding friction depends upon many factors. It is a system effect that involves the nature of the rolling surface and the counterface. The sliding friction force (F) is usually considered to be the sum of forces arising from deformations of surface features (Fs), from attractive forces (atomic, molecular, etc.) at contact points (Fa) and force from interaction of films and particulates on the rubbing surfaces (Ff):
The rolling friction force includes these force contributions plus effects from the relative stiffness of the contacting surfaces, the diameter (curvature) of the spherical shape (ball, orange, etc.) and other factors. Because there are so many factors involved in a rolling tribosystem, rolling resistance can best be quantified by an actual test of the sphere of interest on the intended counterface, as in this test method.  
5.2 There are countless applications where it is important to quantify the rolling characteristics of a particular spherical shape on a particular surface. The interlaboratory tests conducted for this test method were performed on hardened steel balls like those used in ball bearings. This test method could be used to assess the effect of different counterface surfaces on the rolling characteristics of balls for ball bearings. Conversely, it could be used as a quality control test on balls. Surface imperfections/defects/films, etc. on the balls can affect how they roll: the distance traveled on a common counterface.  
5.3 Industrial applications of this test method can include assessing conveying surfaces for spherical or nearly special parts: check valve balls, cabinet knobs, Christmas ornaments, toilet floats, etc. Many medical devices use special shapes where rolling characteristics are a consideration. Similarly, many pharmaceutical products (pills) are spherical or nearly spherical in shape, and this test method can be used to assess rolling characteristics for conveying or other reasons such ...
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1.1 This test method covers the use of an angled launch ramp to initiate rolling of a sphere or nearly spherical shape on a flat horizontal surface to determine the rolling friction characteristics of a given spherical shape on a given surface.  
1.1.1 Steel balls on a surface plate were used in interlaboratory tests (see Appendix X1). Golf balls on a green, soccer and lacrosse balls on playing surfaces, bowling balls on an a lane, basketballs on hardwood, and marbles on composite surface were tested in the development of this test method, but the test applies to any sphere rolling on any flat horizontal surface.  
1.1.2 The rolling friction of spheres on horizontal surfaces is affected by the spherical shape’s stiffness, radius of curvature, surface texture, films on the surface, the nature of the counterface surface; there are many factors to consider. This test method takes all of these factors into consideration. The spherical shape of interest is rolled on the surface of interest using a standard ramp to initiate rolling and standard techniques to measure and treat the rolled distance after leaving the ramp.  
1.1.3 This test method produces a rolling resistance number on a specific spherical shape on a specific surface. It is intended for comparing similar tribosystems. For example, the rolling resistances of marbles on a particular surface are not to be compared with the rolling resistance of soccer balls on grass, because their masses and diameters are very different as are the counterface surfaces on which they roll.  
1.1.4 Different launch ramps are appropriate for different types of spherical shapes. If a sphere of interest cannot be accommodated with using one of the launch ramps discussed in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, a different launch ramp can be developed and added with future revisions to this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measu...

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ASTM G171-03(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made.  
5.3 The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating.  
5.4 This...
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1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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