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ASTM A727/A727M-02(2007)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness

Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness

ABSTRACT
This specification covers forged carbon steel piping components intended primarily for service in pressure piping systems from a specific temperature range where inherent notch toughness is desired, but where notch toughness testing is not required. Included are forged or ring-rolled flanges, forged fittings, and valves made to specified dimensions. The steel shall be made by one or more of the following processes: open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace, and shall be fully killed, fine-grain practice. Following plastic working, the forgings shall be heat treated by normalizing, or normalizing and tempering, or quenching and tempering. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness, and hydrostatic tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers forged carbon steel piping components intended primarily for service in pressure piping systems from -20 to +650 °F [-30 to +345 °C] where inherent notch toughness is desired, but where notch toughness testing is not required. Included are forged or ring-rolled flanges, forged fittings, and valves made to specified dimensions, or to dimensional standards such as the ASME and API specifications referenced in Section 2.
1.2 This specification is limited to forgings with maximum finished section thicknesses no larger than 2 in. [51 mm].
1.3 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to determine whether material meeting the requirements of this specification is satisfactory for the service application.
1.4 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the order.Note 1—There are no provisions for impact testing in this specification. When impact testing is required, refer to Specification A 350/A 350M.
1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2007
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.22 - Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A727/A727M-02 - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM A961/A961M-23 - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007

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ASTM A727/A727M-02(2007) - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch ToughnessASTM A727/A727M-02(2007) - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness
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ASTM A727/A727M-02(2007) - Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A727/A727M – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent
Notch Toughness
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA727/A727M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers forged carbon steel piping 2.1 In addition to those reference documents listed in
components intended primarily for service in pressure piping Specification A961/A961M, the following list of standards
systems from −20 to +650 °F [−30 to +345 °C] where inherent apply to this specification.
notch toughness is desired, but where notch toughness testing 2.2 ASTM Standards:
is not required. Included are forged or ring-rolled flanges, A350/A350M Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy
forged fittings, and valves made to specified dimensions, or to Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for
dimensional standards such as the ASME and API specifica- Piping Components
tions referenced in Section 2. A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
1.2 This specification is limited to forgings with maximum of Steel Products
finished section thicknesses no larger than 2 in. [51 mm]. A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
1.3 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to deter- quirements
mine whether material meeting the requirements of this speci- A961/A961M Specification for Common Requirements for
fication is satisfactory for the service application. SteelFlanges,ForgedFittings,Valves,andPartsforPiping
1.4 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when Applications
additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply E59 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination
only when specified by the purchaser in the order. of Chemical Composition
2.3 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes:
NOTE 1—There are no provisions for impact testing in this specifica-
Section II, Material Specifications, Part C
tion.Whenimpacttestingisrequired,refertoSpecificationA350/A350M.
SFA5.5 Low-Alloy Steel Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes
1.5 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
B16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the
B16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Fer-
applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate-
rous Valves
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
B 16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and
1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
Threaded
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
B16.30 Unfired Pressure Vessel Flange Dimensions
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
2.4 API Standards:
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
600 Steel Gate Valves with Flanged or Butt-Welding Ends
beusedindependentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthe
602 Compact Design Carbon Steel Gate Valves for Refin-
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
ery Use
cation.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
A01.22onSteelForgingsandWroughtFittingsforPipingApplicationsandBolting the ASTM website.
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications. Withdrawn.
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as A727/A727M–02. International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
DOI: 10.1520/A0727_A0727M-02R07. www.asme.org.
2 6
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Wash-
cation SA-727 in Section II of that Code. ington, DC 20005-4070, http://api-ec.api.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A727/A727M – 02 (2007)
605 Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges 6. Chemical Composition
2.5 MSS Standard:
6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as to
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings,
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
Flanges, and Unions
6.2 Steels to which lead has been added shall not be used.
3. General Requirements and Ordering Information
7. Mechanical Requirements Mechanical Requirements
3.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to
7.1 Tension Tests:
the requirements of SpecificationA961/A961M, including any
7.1.1 Requirements—The material shall conform to require-
supplementary requirements that are indicated in the purchase
ments for tensile properties prescribed in Table 2.
order.FailuretocomplywiththerequirementsofSpecification
7.1.1.1 The test specimen shall be obtained from a rough or
A961/A961M constitutes nonconformance with this specifica-
finished production forging, or prolongation thereof, or it may
tion. In case of a conflict between the requirements of this
be obtained from separately forged test blanks from the same
specificationandSpecificationA961/A961M,thisspecification
heat of steel as the production forging. The test blank shall be
shall prevail.
reduced by forging in a manner similar to that for the products
3.2 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the
represented, shall receive approximately the same hot working
purchase order all ordering information necessary to purchase
and reduction, be of the same nominal thickness, and receive
the needed material. Examples of such information include but
the same heat treatment as the finished products represented.
are not limited to the following:
The test material shall be treated in the same furnace at the
3.2.1 Additional requirements (see 15.1 and 15.2).
same time as the forging it represents, subject to the require-
ments of 7.1.2.1.
4. Materials and Manufacture
7.1.2 Number of Tests—One tension test at room tempera-
4.1 The steel shall be made by one or more of the following 1
ture shall be made for each nominal wall thickness 6 ⁄4 in.
processes: open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace, and
[66 mm] from each heat in each heat treatment charge.
shall be fully killed, fine-grain practice.
7.1.2.1 If heat treatment is performed in either a continuous
4.2 Forgings shall be manufactured from ingots, blooms,
orabatch-typefurnacecontrolledwithin 625°F[614°C]of
billets, slabs, or bars. These items shall be forged, rolled, or
the required heat-treatment temperature, and equipped with
strandcast.
4.3 A sufficient discard shall be made from the ingot to
secure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
4.4 Thefinishedproductshallbeaforgingasdefinedbythe
Elements Composition, %
Terminology section of Specification A788/A788M.
Carbon
Heat Analysis 0.25 max
5. Heat Treatment
Product Analysis 0.28 max
Manganese
5.1 Following plastic working, the forging manufacturer
Heat Analysis 0.90 to 1.35
shallheattreattheforgingsbynormalizing,ornormalizingand
Product Analysis 0.84 to 1.41
Phosphorus
tempering, or quenching and tempering.
Heat Analysis 0.035 max
5.1.1 Normalizing—The procedure for normalizing shall
Product Analysis 0.043 max
consist of uniformly heating the forgings to a temperature
Sulfur
Heat Analysis 0.025 max
between 1550 and 1700 °F [845 and 925 °C], holding a
Product Analysis 0.033 max
sufficient time to attain uniform temperature throughout, and
Silicon
cooling in still air.The forging shall be at a temperature below Heat Analysis 0.15 to 0.30
Product Analysis 0.13 to 0.32
1000 °F [540 °C] before heating for normalizing.
Nickel
5.1.2 Quenching—The procedure for quenching shall con- A
Heat Analysis 0.40
sist of uniformly heating the forging to a temperature between
Product Analysis 0.43
Chromium
1550 and 1700 °F [845 and 925 °C], holding a sufficient time
A,B
Heat Analysis 0.30
toattainuniformtemperaturethroughout,andquenchingintoa
Product Analysis 0.34
suitable liquid medium. The forging shall be at a temperature Molybdenum
A,B
Heat Analysis 0.12
below 1000 °F [540 °C] before heating for quenching.
Product Analysis 0.13
5.1.3 Tempering—The procedure for tempering shall con-
Copper
A
sist of reheating the forging subsequent to normalizing or Heat Analysis 0.40
Product Analysis 0.43
quenchingtoatemperatureofatleast1100°F[595°C],butnot
Columbium (Nb)
abovethelowertransformationtemperature,for30min/in.[30
Heat Analysis 0.02
Product Analysis 0.03
min/25 mm] of maximum section thickness, with minimum
Vanadium
holding time at tempering temperature not less than 30 min.
Heat Analys
...

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ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
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1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
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This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
SCOPE
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ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM
ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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