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ASTM C1155-95(2001)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data

Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on building envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that value for the range of temperatures encountered during the measurement of temperatures and heat flux.
1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the summation technique and the sum of least squares technique, and permits the use of other techniques that have been properly validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the mean temperature of the building component for estimating the dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the summation technique. The sum of least squares technique produces a calculation of thermal resistance which is a function of mean temperature.
1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsection of the building envelope component that was instrumented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions similar to those of the measurement. The calculation of thermal resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions. However, field measurements of temperature and heat flux may not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.
1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance on portions of a building envelope that have been properly instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instruments. The size of sensors and construction of the building component determine how many sensors shall be used and where they should be placed. Because of the variety of possible construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data analysis require the demonstrated good judgment of the user.
1.5 Each calculation pertains only to a defined subsection of the building envelope. Combining results from different subsections to characterize overall thermal resistance is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.6 This practice sets criteria for the data-collection techniques necessary for the calculation of thermal properties (see Note 1). Any valid technique may provide the data for this practice, but the results of this practice shall not be considered to be from an ASTM standard, unless the instrumentation technique itself is an ASTM standard.
Note 1--Currently only Practice C1046 can provide the data for this practice. It also offers guidance on how to place sensors in a manner representative of more than just the instrumented portions of the building components.
1.7 This practice pertains to light-through medium-weight construction as defined by example in . The calculations apply to the range of indoor and outdoor temperatures observed.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.30 - Thermal Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1155-95 - Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM C1155-95(2007) - Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM E3069-19a - Standard Guide for Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls for Changes to Thermal and Moisture Properties of the Wall
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1046-95(2021) - Standard Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and Temperature on Building Envelope Components
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1130-21 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM C1155-95(2001) - Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ DataASTM C1155-95(2001) - Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data
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ASTM C1155-95(2001) - Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1155–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope
1
Components from the In-Situ Data
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This practice sets criteria for the data-collection tech-
niques necessary for the calculation of thermal properties (see
1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from
Note 1). Any valid technique may provide the data for this
in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on build-
practice, but the results of this practice shall not be considered
ing envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resis-
to be from an ASTM standard, unless the instrumentation
tance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state
technique itself is an ASTM standard.
conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that
value for the range of temperatures encountered during the
NOTE 1—Currently only Practice C1046 can provide the data for this
measurement of temperatures and heat flux.
practice. It also offers guidance on how to place sensors in a manner
representative of more than just the instrumented portions of the building
1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the
components.
summation technique and the sum of least squares technique,
andpermitstheuseofothertechniquesthathavebeenproperly
1.7 This practice pertains to light-through medium-weight
validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the
construction as defined by example in 5.8. The calculations
meantemperatureofthebuildingcomponentforestimatingthe
apply to the range of indoor and outdoor temperatures ob-
dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the
served.
summation technique. The sum of least squares technique
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
producesacalculationofthermalresistancewhichisafunction
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
of mean temperature.
only.
1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsec-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion of the building envelope component that was instru-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
similartothoseofthemeasurement.Thecalculationofthermal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
However,fieldmeasurementsoftemperatureandheatfluxmay
2. Referenced Documents
not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.
1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance
2.1 ASTM Standards:
on portions of a building envelope that have been properly C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation Materi-
2
instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instru-
als
ments. The size of sensors and construction of the building C1046 Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and
2
component determine how many sensors shall be used and
Temperature on Building Envelopes
wheretheyshouldbeplaced.Becauseofthevarietyofpossible C1060 PracticeforThermographicInspectionofInsulation
2
construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data
Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings
analysis require the demonstrated good judgement of the user. C1130 Practice for Calibrating Thin Heat Flux Transduc-
2
1.5 Eachcalculationpertainsonlytoadefinedsubsectionof
ers
the building envelope. Combining results from different sub- C1153 Practice for the Location of Wet Insulation in
2
sectionstocharacterizeoverallthermalresistanceisbeyondthe
Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging
scope of this practice.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to thermal
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
insulating materials, see Terminology C168.
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published October 1995. Originally
1 2
published as C1155–90. Last previous edition C1155–90e . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1155
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: C =material specific heat, J/kg·K (Btu/lb·°F),
r
3.2
...

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1.2 Thermal properties shall be determined as a function of temperature by standard test methods. (Test Methods C177, C201, C335/C335M, C518, C745, C1114, C1363, Guide C653, and Practice C687, all in combination with Practice C1045.)  
Note 1: Standard referenced materials are needed to span the temperature range of the tests.  
1.3 This practice recommends standard conditions for use in testing and evaluating thermal properties as a function of temperature by standard test methods.  
1.4 General applications of thermal insulations include:  
1.4.1 Building envelopes,  
1.4.2 Mechanical systems or processes, and  
1.4.3 Building and industrial insulations.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Measurement of the Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties of Small Specimens Using the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

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5.1 Thermal conductivity measurements on small insulation specimens are important during new product development processes or when larger specimens cannot be collected during forensic investigation (that is, failure analysis) (1, 2).  
5.2 Numerous research projects have recently been initiated to develop insulation materials that have very high thermal resistivities (greater than 83 (m K)/W). Projects ranging from coatings to improve the thermal performance of single pane/layer glazing systems to the development of novel insulation products for building envelopes are being undertaken (1-4). All these projects have struggled in the development of new material technologies due to the difficulty associated with the measurement of thermal conductivity of small sections (approximately 0.025 m by 0.025 m) of high thermal resistance materials. As new materials are being developed, the size of each test specimen impacts the cost of development. Most of the existing test equipment and the methods do not align with the researcher’s need; the equipment requires a large specimen size is time consuming, and expensive to produce.  
5.3 This practice provides a standardized procedure to enable the thermal characterization of small specimens of insulation materials. Accurate, and reliable thermal metrology to assess thermal properties of new insulation materials, such as novel very low thermal conductivity (  
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1.1 This practice covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission properties of the small flat slab thermal insulation specimen using a heat-flow-meter apparatus.  
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Note 1: The lower limit for specimen size is typically determined by the user for their particular material. As an example, Ref. (1)2 established a lower limit for specimen dimensions of 0.1 m by 0.1 m for several different thermal insulation materials for a 0.3 m by 0.3 m heat-flow-meter apparatus having a heat flux transducer 0.15 m by 0.15 m.  
1.4 This practice is intended only for research purposes, in particular, when larger specimens are unavailable. This practice shall not be used in conjunction with Test Method C518 for certification testing of products; compliance with ASTM Specifications; or compliance with regulatory or building code requirements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
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ASTM C1199-22(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber.  
4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100.  
4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development.  
4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance.  
Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof.  
1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects.
Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area.  
1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14.  
1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance,  UST, which can be used to compare test results from labor...

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ASTM
ASTM C1155-95(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Thermal Resistance Measurements—Knowledge of the thermal resistance of new buildings is important to determine whether the quality of construction satisfies criteria set by the designer, by the owner, or by a regulatory agency. Differences in quality of materials or workmanship may cause building components not to achieve design performance.  
5.1.1 For Existing Buildings—Knowledge of thermal resistance is important to the owners of older buildings to determine whether the buildings should receive insulation or other energy-conserving improvements. Inadequate knowledge of the thermal properties of materials or heat flow paths within the construction or degradation of materials may cause inaccurate assumptions in calculations that use published data.  
5.2 Advantage of In-Situ Data—This practice provides information about thermal performance that is based on measured data. This may determine the quality of new construction for acceptance by the owner or occupant or it may provide justification for an energy conservation investment that could not be made based on calculations using published design data.  
5.3 Heat Flow Paths—This practice assumes that net heat flow is perpendicular to the surface of the building envelope component within a given subsection. Knowledge of surface temperature in the area subject to measurement is required for placing sensors appropriately. Appropriate use of infrared thermography is often used to obtain such information. Thermography reveals nonuniform surface temperatures caused by structural members, convection currents, air leakage, and moisture in insulation. Practices C1060 and C1153 detail the appropriate use of infrared thermography. Note that thermography as a basis for extrapolating the results obtained at a measurement site to other similar parts of the same building is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.4 User Knowledge Required—This practice requires that the user have knowledge that the data empl...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on building envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that value for the range of temperatures encountered during the measurement of temperatures and heat flux.  
1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the summation technique and the sum of least squares technique, and permits the use of other techniques that have been properly validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the mean temperature of the building component for estimating the dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the summation technique. The sum of least squares technique produces a calculation of thermal resistance which is a function of mean temperature.  
1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsection of the building envelope component that was instrumented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions similar to those of the measurement. The calculation of thermal resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions. However, field measurements of temperature and heat flux may not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.  
1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance on portions of a building envelope that have been properly instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instruments. The size of sensors and construction of the building component determine how many sensors shall be used and where they should be placed. Because of the variety of possible construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data analysis require the demonstrated good judgement of the user.  
1.5 Each calculation pertains only to a defined subsection of the building envelope. Combining results from different subsections to characterize...

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ASTM
ASTM C1340/C1340M-10(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimation of Heat Gain or Loss Through Ceilings Under Attics Containing Radiant Barriers by Use of a Computer Program

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Manufacturers of radiant barriers express the performance of their products in terms of the total hemispherical emittance. The purpose of a radiant barrier is to decrease the radiation heat transfer across the attic air space, and hence, to decrease the heat loss or gain through the ceiling below the attic. The amount of decrease in heat flow will depend upon a number of factors, such as weather conditions, amount of mass or reflective insulation in the attic, solar absorptance of the roof, geometry of the attic and roof, and amount and type of attic ventilation. Because of the infinite combinations of these factors, it is not practical to publish data for each possible case.  
5.2 The calculation of heat loss or gain of a system containing radiant barriers is mathematically complex, and because of the iterative nature of the method, it is best handled by computers.  
5.3 Computers are now widely available to most producers and consumers of radiant barriers to permit the use of this practice.  
5.4 The user of this practice may wish to modify the data input to represent accurately the structure. The computer program also may be modified to meet individual needs. Also, additional calculations may be desired, for example, to sum the hourly heat flows in some fashion to obtain estimates of seasonal or annual energy usages. This might be done using the hourly data as inputs to a whole-house model, and by choosing house balance points to use as cutoff points in the summations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the estimation of heat gain or loss through ceilings under attics containing radiant barriers by use of a computer program. The computer program included as an adjunct to this practice provides a calculational procedure for estimating the heat loss or gain through the ceiling under an attic containing a truss or rafter mounted radiant barrier. The program also is applicable to the estimation of heat loss or gain through ceilings under an attic without a radiant barrier. This procedure utilizes hour-by-hour weather data to estimate the hour-by-hour ceiling heat flows. The interior of the house below the ceiling is assumed to be maintained at a constant temperature. At present, the procedure is applicable to sloped-roof attics with rectangular floor plans having an unshaded gabled roof and a horizontal ceiling. It is not applicable to structures with flat roofs, vaulted ceilings, or cathedral ceilings. The calculational accuracy also is limited by the quality of physical property data for the construction materials, principally the insulation and the radiant barrier, and by the quality of the weather data.  
1.2 Under some circumstances, interactions between radiant barriers and HVAC ducts in attics can have a significant effect on the thermal performance of a building. Ducts are included in an extension of the computer model given in the appendix.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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