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ASTM D2217-85(1998)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants (Withdrawn 2007)

Standard Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants (Withdrawn 2007)

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the wet preparation of soil samples as received from the field for particle-size analysis and determination of soil constants.  
1.2 Procedure A provides for drying the field sample at a temperature not exceeding 140°F (60°C), making a wet separation on the No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve, or No. 40 (425-[mu]m) sieve, or both, as needed, and finally drying at a temperature not exceeding 140°F. Procedure B provides that the sample shall be kept at a moisture content equal to or greater than the natural water content. The procedure to be used should be indicated in the specification for the material being tested. If no procedure is specified, the provisions of Procedure B shall govern.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers the wet preparation of soil samples as received from the field for particle-size analysis and determination of soil constants.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rocks, this practice was discontinued in January 2007.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-May-1998
Withdrawal Date
22-Feb-2007
ICS
19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.03 - Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM C1733-21 - Standard Test Method for Distribution Coefficients of Inorganic Species by Batch Method
Effective Date
10-May-1998
Referred By
ASTM E3163-18 - Standard Guide for Selection and Application of Analytical Methods and Procedures Used during Sediment Corrective Action
Effective Date
10-May-1998
Referred By
ASTM F2075-20 - Standard Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use as a Playground Safety Surface Under and Around Playground Equipment
Effective Date
10-May-1998

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ASTM D2217-85(1998) - Standard Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants (Withdrawn 2007)ASTM D2217-85(1998) - Standard Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants (Withdrawn 2007)
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ASTM D2217-85(1998) - Standard Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants (Withdrawn 2007)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2217–85(Reapproved1998)
Standard Practice for
Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis
and Determination of Soil Constants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.2 Some soils never dry out in nature and may change their
characteristics greatly when dried. If the true natural gradation
1.1 This practice covers the wet preparation of soil samples
and plasticity characteristics of such soils are desired, these
as received from the field for particle-size analysis and
soils should be shipped to the laboratory in sealed containers
determination of soil constants.
and processed in accordance with Procedure B of this practice.
1.2 Procedure A provides for drying the field sample at a
3.3 Liquid limit and plasticity index values derived from
temperature not exceeding 140°F (60°C), making a wet sepa-
samples containing their natural moisture are usually, but not
ration on the No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve, or No. 40 (425-µm)
always, equal to or higher than values derived from similar
sieve, or both, as needed, and finally drying at a temperature
samples of the dried soil. In the case of fine-grained organic
not exceeding 140°F. Procedure B provides that the sample
soil, there is a radical drop in plasticity due to oven drying.
shall be kept at a moisture content equal to or greater than the
natural water content. The procedure to be used should be
4. Apparatus
indicated in the specification for the material being tested. If no
4.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g.
procedure is specified, the provisions of Procedure B shall
4.2 Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle, suitable for break-
govern.
ing up the aggregations of soil particles.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 Sieves, No. 10 (2.00-mm) and No. 40 (425-µm), of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
square mesh woven-wire cloth, conforming to Specification
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E11.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.4 Sampler—A riffle sampler or sample splitter for quar-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tering the samples.
2. Referenced Documents 4.5 Drying Apparatus—Thermostatically controlled drying
oven for use at 140°F (60°C) or below and at 230°F (110°C),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
infrared lamps; air drier; or other suitable device for drying
D 421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for
samples.
Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-
4.6 FilterFunnelsorCandles—Büchner funnels 10 in. (254
stants
2 mm) in diameter and filter paper or filter candles.
D 422 Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
4.7 Miscellaneous Equipment—Pans 12 in. (304.8 mm) in
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
3 diameter and 3 in. (76.2 mm) in depth; a suitable container that
poses
will prevent loss of moisture during storage of the moist test
3. Significance and Use sample prepared in Procedure B.
3.1 ProcedureAisusedtopreparesoilsamplesforplasticity
PROCEDURE A
tests and particle-size analysis when the coarse-grained par-
ticles of a sample are soft and pulverize readily, as in Practice
5. Sampling
D 421, or when the fine particles are very cohesive and tend to
5.1 Dry the soil sample as received from the field, using one
resist removal from the coarse particles.
of the following methods: (1) in air at room temperature, (2)in
a drying oven at a temperature not exceeding 140°F (60°C), or
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and (3) using any warming device that will not raise the tempera-
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 onTexture, Plasticity,
ture of the sample above 140°F. Break up thoroughly any
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
aggregations of particles using the mortar and rubber-covered
Current edition approved July 26, 1985. Published September 1985. Originally
pestle or other suitable device (Note 1). Select a representative
published as D 2217 – 63 T. Last previous edition D 2217 – 66 (1978)e .
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
portion by the method of quartering or by use of the sampler.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2217
This portion must be sufficient to provide samples for particle- 6.1.5 Alternatively, after all the soaked material has been
size analyses of material retained on and passing the No. 10 washed, remove most of the water by filtering the wash water
(2.00-mm) sieve, and to provide an adequate amount of on one or more Büchner funnels fitted with filter paper or by
material passing the No. 40 (425-µm) sieve for the tests to using filter candles. Remove the moist soil from the filter paper
determine soil constants. The amounts of material required to or filter candles, combine with any sediment remaining in the
perform the individual tests are as follows: pan, and dry at a temperature not exceeding 140°F (60°C).
Grind the dried soil in the mortar with a rubber-covered pestle
Particle-Size Analysis of Material Retained on
No. 10 (2.00-mm) Sieve:
or other suitable device and combine with similar material
Gravelly soils, g 4 000 to 10 000
obtained in 6.1.1.
Sandy soils, g 1 500
Silty or clayey soils, g 400
NOTE 2—In some instances, the wash water will not become clear in a
Particle-Size Analysis of Material Passing No.
reasonable length of time; in this case the entire volume must be
10 (2.00-mm) Sieve:
evaporated.
Sandy soils, g 115
Silty or clayey soils, g 65
6.2 For Determination of Soil Constants—Proceed in ac-
Tests for Determination of Soil Constants:
cordance with 6.1, substituting a No. 40 (425-µm) sieve for the
Liquid limit, g 100
Plastic limit, g 15
No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve.
Centrifuge moisture equivalent, g 10
Shrinkage factors, g 30
NOTE 3—In some areas it is possible that the cations of salts present in
Check tests, g 65
the tap water may exchange with the natural cations in the soil and alter
significantly the values of the soil constants should tap water be used in
NOTE 1—When the sample contains particles of soft shale or sandstone
the soaking and washing operations. Unless it is known that such cations
or similar weak material, proper care must be exercised to avoid excessive
are not present in the tap water, distilled or demineralized water should be
reduction in the size of the particles.
used. The soaking and washing ope
...

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1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as Carr Indices.2  
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5.4 All four of these conditions must exist for sifting segregation to occur. If any one of these conditions does not exist, the material will not segregate by this mechanism.
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1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for simulating the segregation tendencies of bulk solids by means of the sifting mechanism.  
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1.3 The maximum particle size should be limited to 3 mm [1/8 in.], to reduce the likelihood of binding the slide gate.  
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5.1 Fluidization segregation can cause vertical segregation within bins used to hold and transport powders. This can affect product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
5.2 By measuring a powder's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other powders with known history, or determine if the given powder may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.  
5.3 Fine powders generally have a lower permeability than coarse bulk solids and therefore tend to retain air longer. Thus, when a bin is filled with a fluidizable powder, the coarser particles settle or are driven into the bed while the finer particles remain fluidized near the surface.  
5.4 Fluidization, which serves as a driving force for this mechanism of segregation, is likely to occur when fine powders are pneumatically conveyed into a bin, the bin is filled or discharged at high rates, or if sufficient air flow counter to the flow of powder is present within the bin.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.
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1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for creating several specimens of a powder sample that, if the powder is one that segregates by the fluidization mechanism, should be different from one another.  
1.2 A powder sample is fluidized then, after the fluidizing gas is turned off, it is separated into three or more specimens that can be analyzed for parameters of interest. The difference in these parameters between the specimens is an indication of the segregation potential of the powder.  
1.3 Powders must be capable of being fluidized in order to be tested by this practice.  
1.4 Temperature- and moisture-sensitive powders may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
1.5 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while fluidization is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many fine powders, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6940 covers another common mechanism: sifting.  
1.6 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the powder and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consid...

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ASTM
ASTM D6683-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids as Function of Compressive Stress

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulk density of materials in bins and hoppers and for material handling applications such as feeders.  
5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sample selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to select a representative sample of the particulate solid with respect to moisture (water) content, particle-size distribution and temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be available, and fresh material should be used for each individual test specimen.  
5.3 Initial bulk density, (ρb)initial, may or may not be used as the minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being tested. For example, the two are often close to the same for coarse (most particles larger than about 6 mm), free-flowing bulk solids, but not for fine, aeratable powders.  
5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the magnitude of the applied mass increments. Traditionally, the applied mass is doubled for each increment resulting in an applied mass increment ratio of 1. Smaller than standard increment ratios may be desirable for materials that are highly sensitive to the applied mass increment ratio. An example of the latter is a material whose bulk density increases 10% or more with each increase in applied mass.  
5.5 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the duration of each applied mass. Traditionally, the duration is the same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials, the rate of compression is such that complete compression (no change in volume with time at a given applied compressive stress) will require significantly more than 15 s.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedure for determining a range of bulk densities of powders and other bulk solids as a function of compressive stress.  
1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1140-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).  
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).  
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.  
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.  
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.  
1.3.2 Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standa...

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ASTM
ASTM D7891-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test can be used to evaluate the following:  
5.1.1 Classification or Comparison of Powders—There are several parameters that can be used to classify powders relative to each other, the most useful being the measured shear stresses, cohesion, flow function and angle of internal friction.  
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis—The shear cell can be used to evaluate the relative effects of a range of powder properties or environmental parameters, or both, such as (but not limited to) humidity, particle size and size distribution, particle shape and shape distribution, water content and temperature.  
5.2 Quality Control—The test can, in some circumstances, be used to assess the flow properties of a raw material, intermediate or product against pre-determined acceptance criteria.  
5.3 Storage Vessel Design—Mathematical models exist for the determination of storage vessel design parameters which are based on the flow properties of powders as generated by shear cell testing, requiring shear testing at a range of consolidating stresses as well as the measurement of the wall friction angle with respect to the material of construction of the storage vessel. The methods are detailed in Refs. (1-3).3
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors (4).
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method shoul...
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for quantifying the incipient failure properties of a powder as a function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).  
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used to assist with the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.  
1.3 The apparatus is appropriate for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is practicable to test powders that have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but it is recommended they represent no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Un...

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