ASTM D7891-24
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test can be used to evaluate the following:
5.1.1 Classification or Comparison of Powders—There are several parameters that can be used to classify powders relative to each other, the most useful being the measured shear stresses, cohesion, flow function and angle of internal friction.
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis—The shear cell can be used to evaluate the relative effects of a range of powder properties or environmental parameters, or both, such as (but not limited to) humidity, particle size and size distribution, particle shape and shape distribution, water content and temperature.
5.2 Quality Control—The test can, in some circumstances, be used to assess the flow properties of a raw material, intermediate or product against pre-determined acceptance criteria.
5.3 Storage Vessel Design—Mathematical models exist for the determination of storage vessel design parameters which are based on the flow properties of powders as generated by shear cell testing, requiring shear testing at a range of consolidating stresses as well as the measurement of the wall friction angle with respect to the material of construction of the storage vessel. The methods are detailed in Refs. (1-3).3
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors (4).
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method shoul...
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for quantifying the incipient failure properties of a powder as a function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used to assist with the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.
1.3 The apparatus is appropriate for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is practicable to test powders that have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but it is recommended they represent no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 Un...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7891 − 24
Standard Test Method for
Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology
1
FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
methods for engineering design.
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
quantifying the incipient failure properties of a powder as a
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation.
standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall
The method also allows the further determination of the
not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion,
flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct acces-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sory).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used to assist
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
with the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
different powders or different batches of the same powder if
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
processing equipment.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3 The apparatus is appropriate for measuring the proper-
2. Referenced Documents
ties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is
practicable to test powders that have a small proportion of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
particles of 1 mm or greater, but it is recommended they
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
represent no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with
Fluids
a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Practice D6026.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re-
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
cords in Geotechnical Data
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
D6128 Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
the Jenike Shear Tester
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
D6682 Test Method for Measuring Shear Stresses of Pow-
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ders Using Peschl Rotational Split Level Shear Tester
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
2
(Withdrawn 2017)
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
D6773 Test Method for Bulk Solids Using Schulze Ring
commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope
Shear Tester
3. Terminology
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of common technical terms
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization
used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.
and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
Current edition approved March 15, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally
2
approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7891 – 15. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D7891-24. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7891 − 15 D7891 − 24
Standard Test Method for
Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology
1
FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuringquantifying the incipient failure properties of a powder as a
function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined
yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate
wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used for to assist with the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard
calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders
or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.
1.3 The apparatus is suitableappropriate for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is
possiblepracticable to test powders whichthat have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but they should be present
in the bulk sample as it is recommended they represent no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian)
size distribution.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization and
Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
Current edition approved March 1, 2015March 15, 2024. Published March 2015April 2024. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as
D7891 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D7891-15.10.1520/D7891-24.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7891 − 24
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data
D6128 Test Method for Shear Testing of Bu
...
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