ASTM D4048-02(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Lubricating Grease
Standard Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Lubricating Grease
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method measures the tendency of lubricating grease to corrode copper under specific static conditions. It may be of some value in predicting possible chemical attack on lubricated parts, such as bearings that contain copper or copper alloys. Such corrosion, for example, can cause premature bearing failures. However, no correlations with actual field service, most of which are under dynamic conditions, have been established. It does not measure either the ability of the lubricant to inhibit copper corrosion caused by factors other than the lubricant itself nor does it measure the stability of the grease in the presence of copper.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of the corrosiveness to copper of lubricating grease.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and heal practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 10.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4048 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Detection of Copper Corrosion from Lubricating Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the detection of the corrosive- 4.1 Aprepared copper strip is totally immersed in a sample
ness to copper of lubricating grease. of grease and heated in an oven or liquid bath at a specified
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the temperature for a definite period of time. Commonly used
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information conditionsare100 61°C(212 62°F)for24h 65min.Atthe
only. end of this heating period, the strip is removed, washed, and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the compared with the Copper Strip Corrosion Standard.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and heal practices and determine the applicability 5.1 This test method measures the tendency of lubricating
grease to corrode copper under specific static conditions. It
of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warning
statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 10. maybeofsomevalueinpredictingpossiblechemicalattackon
lubricated parts, such as bearings that contain copper or copper
2. Referenced Documents
alloys. Such corrosion, for example, can cause premature
2.1 ASTM Standards: bearing failures. However, no correlations with actual field
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products service, most of which are under dynamic conditions, have
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe- been established. It does not measure either the ability of the
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test lubricant to inhibit copper corrosion caused by factors other
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products than the lubricant itself nor does it measure the stability of the
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts: grease in the presence of copper.
Copper Strip Corrosion Standard
6. Apparatus
3. Terminology
6.1 Test Jars—Cloud and pour jars, cylindrical jars of clear
3 5
3.1 There are no terms in this test method that require new glasswithflatbottoms,30mmto33.5-mm(1 ⁄16in.to1 ⁄16in.)
or other than dictionary definitions. inside diameter, and 115 mm to 125 mm (4 ⁄2 in. to 5 in.) in
height as described in Test Methods D97 and D2500.
6.2 Test Jar Covers—Beakers, 50-mL; borosilicate glass,
approximately 40 mm (1.6 in.) by 50 mm (2.0 in.) suitable for
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
covering individual test jars. Small porcelain or glazed silica
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.G0.01 on Chemical and General Laboratory Tests.
crucibles or crucible covers or watch glasses or vented corks
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
that lightly cover the test jars, allowing pressure equalization
published in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4048–02. DOI:
between the inside and outside of the jars, yet minimizing
10.1520/D4048-02R08.
exposure of the inside of the jars to foreign vapors present in
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the oven will also be satisfactory.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.3 Oven—A circulating air oven or liquid bath capable of
the ASTM website.
maintaining a temperature of 100 6 1°C (212 6 2°F) or other
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
ADJD0130. Originally produced in 1973. desired temperatures with the same precision.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4048 – 02 (2008)
6.4 Polishing Vise—For holding the copper strip firmly Grade n-heptane (Warning—see 7.1) are suitable solvents.
without marring the edges while polishing. Any convenient Because of possible toxic effects, the use of benzene should be
type of holder (see Appendix X1 on Optional Useful Equip- avoided.
ment in Test Method D130) may be used, provided that the
8. Preparation of Strip
strip is held tightly and that the surface of the strip being
8.1 Mechanical Cleaning of Strips:
polished is supported above the surface of the holder.
8.1.1 Surface Preparation—Remove all surface blemishes
6.5 Viewing Test Tubes—Flatglasstesttubesmaybeusedto
from all six sides of the strip with silicon carbide paper of such
protect corroded strips for close inspection or storage. (See
degrees of fineness as are needed to accomplish the desired
Appendix X1 on Optional Useful Equipment in Test Method
results efficiently. Finish with 65-µm (240-grit) silicon carbide
D130.)
paperorcloth,removingallmarksthatmayhavebeenmadeby
6.6 Copper Strip Corrosion Standard—consists of repro-
other grades of paper used previously. Immerse the strip in
ductions in color of typical strips representing degrees of
wash solvent (Warning—see 7.1.) from which it can be
tarnish and corrosion, the reproductions being encased in
withdrawnimmediatelyforfinalpolishingorinwhichitcanbe
plastic in the form of a plaque.
stored for future use.
6.6.1 Keep the plastic-encased printed Copper Strip Corro-
8.1.1.1 As a practical manual procedure for surface prepa-
sion Standard protected from light to avoid the possibility of
ration, place a sheet of the paper on a flat surface, moisten it
fading. Inspect for fading by comparing two different plaques,
with wash solvent, and rub the strip against the paper with a
one of which has been carefully protected from light (new).
rotarymotion,protectingthestripfromcontactwiththefingers
Observe both sets in diffused daylight (or equivalent), first
or by wearing impervious gloves (see Note 1). Alternatively,
from a point directly above and then from an angle of
the surface of the strip may be prepared by use of motor-driven
approximately 45°. If any evidence of fading is observed,
machines using appropriate grades of dry paper or cloth.
particularly at the left end of the plaque, it is suggested that the
one that is the more faded with respect to the other be NOTE 1—Disposable polyethylene is one type of glove that has been
found to be satisfactory. However, any type of glove that is impervious to
discarded.
3 the reagents and materials used in this test method, while preventing
6.6.1.1 Alternatively, place a 20-mm ( ⁄4 in.) opaque strip
fingers from contacting the strip directly, may also be used.
(masking tape) across the top of the colored portion of the
8.1.2 Final Polishing—Remove strip from the wash sol-
plaque when initially purchased. At intervals, remove the
vent. Holding it in the fingers protected with the ashless filter
opaque strip and observe. If there is any evidence of fading of
paper, polish first the ends and then the sides with the 105-µm
the exposed portion, it is suggested that the standard be
(150-mesh) silicon carbide grains picked up from a clean glass
replaced.
plate with a pad of cotton (cotton wool) moistened with a drop
6.6.1.2 These plaques are full-color productions of typical
of wash solvent. Wipe vigorously with fresh pads of cotton
strips. They have been printed on aluminum sheets by a
(cotton wool) and subsequently handle only when wearing
four-color process and are encased in plastic for protection.
impervious gloves (see Note 1) or with stainless steel forceps;
Directions for their use are given on the reverse side of each
do not touch with naked fingers. Clamp the strip in a vise, and
plaque.
polish the main surfaces with silicon-carbide grains on absor-
6.6.2 If the surface of the plastic cover shows excessive
bent cotton. Rub in the direction of the long axis of the strip,
scratching, it is suggested that the plaque be replaced.
carrying the stroke beyond the end of the strip before reversing
the direction. Clean all metal dust from the strip before
7. Reagents and Materials
reversing the direction. Clean all metal dust from the strip by
7.1 Acetone—American Chemical Society Reagent Grade
rubbing vigorously with clean pads of absorbent cotton until a
acetone is suitable. (Warning—Extremely flammable. Harm-
fresh pad remains unsoiled. When the strip is clean, immedi-
ful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fires.)
ately immerse it in the prepared sample. (Warning—Forceps
1 1
7.2 Copper Strips—Use strips 12.5 62mm( ⁄2 6 ⁄16 in.)
can scratch copper, affecting the results.)
1 1
wide, 1.5 to 3.0 mm ( ⁄16 to ⁄8 in.) thick, cut 75 65mm(3 6
8.1.2.1 Itisimportanttopolishthewholesurfaceofthestrip
⁄4 in.) long from smooth-surfaced, hard-temper, cold-finished
uniformlytoobtainauniformlystainedstrip.Iftheedges
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D4048–97 Designation: D 4048 – 02 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Detection of Copper Corrosion from Lubricating Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the detection of the corrosiveness to copper of lubricating grease.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthheal practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.For specific hazardwarning statements, see Sections Note 17, 8, and 10.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils Products
D 130Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper StripTarnishTest Test Method
for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Oils Products
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts: ASTM ASTM Adjuncts:
Copper Strip Corrosion Standard
3. Terminology
3.1 There are no terms in this test method that require new or other than dictionary definitions.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A prepared copper strip is totally immersed in a sample of grease and heated in an oven or liquid bath at a specified
temperature for a definite period of time. Commonly used conditions are 100 6 1°C (212 6 2°F) for 24 h 6 5 min. At the end
of this heating period, the strip is removed, washed, and compared with the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method measures the tendency of lubricating grease to corrode copper under specific static conditions. It may be
of some value in predicting possible chemical attack on lubricated parts, such as bearings that contain copper or copper alloys.
Such corrosion, for example, can cause premature bearing failures. However, no correlations with actual field service, most of
which are under dynamic conditions, have been established. It does not measure either the ability of the lubricant to inhibit copper
corrosion caused by factors other than the lubricant itself nor does it measure the stability of the grease in the presence of copper.
6. Apparatus
3 5
6.1 Test Jars—Cloud and pour jars, cylindrical jars of clear glass with flat bottoms, 30 mm to 33.5-mm (1 ⁄16 in. to 1 ⁄16 in.)
inside diameter, and 115 mm to 125 mm (4 ⁄2 in. to 5 in.) in height as described in Test Methods D 97 and D 2500.
6.2 Test Jar Covers—Beakers , 50-mL; borosilicate glass, approximately 40 mm (1.6 in.) by 50 mm (2.0 in.) suitable for
covering individual test jars. Small porcelain or glazed silica crucibles or crucible covers or watch glasses or vented corks that
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum products and lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G on
Lubricating Grease.
Current edition approved June 10, 1997. Published October 1997. Originally published as D4048–81. Last previous edition D4048–91.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0.01
on Chemical and General Laboratory Tests.
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally published in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4048–02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 05.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from ASTM Headquarters for a nominal charge. Request Adjunct PCN 12-401300-00.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD0130. Originally produced in 1973.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4048 – 02 (2008)
lightly cover the test jars, allowing pressure equalization between the inside and outside of the jars, yet minimizing exposure of
the inside of the jars to foreign vapors present in the oven will also be satisfactory.
6.3 Oven—Acirculatingairovenorliquidbathcapableofmaintainingatemperatureof100 61°C(212 62°F)orotherdesired
temperatures with the same precision.
6.4 Polishing Vise—For holding the copper strip firmly without marring the edges while polishing. Any convenient type of
holder (see the Appendix X1 on Optional Useful Equipment in Test Method D 130) may be used, provided that the strip is held
tightly and that the surface of the strip being polished is supported above the surface of the holder.
6.5 Viewing Test Tubes—Flat glass test tubes may be used to protect corroded strips for close inspection or storage. (See the
Appendix X1 on Optional Useful Equipment in Test Method D 130.)
6.6 ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion StandardsStandard,consist—consists of reproductions in color of typical strips representing degrees of tarnish and
corrosion, the reproductions being encased in plastic in the form of a plaque.
6.6.1 Keep the plastic-encased printed ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion StandardsStandard protected from light to avoid the
possibility of fading. Inspect for fading by comparing two different plaques, one of which has been carefully protected from light
(new). Observe both sets in diffused daylight (or equivalent), first from a point directly above and then from an angle of
approximately 45°. If any evidence of fading is observed, particularly at the left end of the plaque, it is suggested that the one that
is the more faded with respect to the other be discarded.
6.6.1.1 Alternatively, place a 20-mm ( ⁄4 in.) opaque strip (masking tape) across the top of the colored portion of the plaque
when initially purchased. At intervals, remove the opaque strip and observe. If there is any evidence of fading of the exposed
portion, it is suggested that the standard be replaced.
6.6.1.2 These plaques are full-color productions of typical strips. They have been printed on aluminum sheets by a four-color
process and are encased in plastic for protection. Directions for their use are given on the reverse side of each plaque.
6.6.2 If the surface of the plastic cover shows excessive scratching, it is suggested that the plaque be replaced.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Acetone—American Chemical Society Reagent Grade acetone is suitable.
NOTE1—Warning:Extremely (Warning—Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fires.)
1 1 1 1
7.2 Copper Strips—Use strips 12.5 62mm( ⁄2 6 ⁄16 in.) wide, 1.5 mm to 3.0 mm ( ⁄16 in. to ⁄8 in.) thick, cut 75 65mm
(3 6 ⁄4 in.) long from smooth-surfaced, hard-temper, cold-finished copper of 99.9 + % purity; electrical bus bar stock is generally
suitable. (See the Appendix X1 on Optional Useful Equipment in Test Method D 130.) The strips may be used repeatedly but
should be discarded when the surfaces become deformed on handling.
7.3 Polishing Materials—Silicon carbide grit paper of varying degrees of fineness, including 65-µm (240-grit) paper or cloth,
also a supply of 105-µm (150-mesh) silicon carbide grain and pharmaceutical-grade absorbent cotton (cotton wool).
7.4 Wash Solvent—Volatile, sulfur-free hydrocarbon solvent may be used provided that it shows no tarnish at all when tested
at 50 6 1°C (or 122 6 2°F). Knock test-grade isooctane (Warning—see Note 2—see 8.1.2) or American Chemical Society
Reagent Grade n-heptane (Warning—see Note 3—see 7.1) are suitable solvents. Because of possible toxic effects, the use of
benzene should be avoided.
8. Preparation of Strip
8.1 Mechanical Cleaning of Strips :
8.1.1 Surface Preparation—Remove all surface blemishes from all six sides of the strip with silicon carbide paper of such
degrees of fineness as are needed to accomplish the desired results efficiently. Finish with 65-µm (240-grit) silicon carbide paper
or cloth, removing all marks that may have been made by other grades of paper used previously. Immerse the strip in wash solvent
(Warning—see Note 1Warning —see 7.1.) from which it can be withdrawn immediately for final polishing or in which it can be
stored for future use.
8.1.1.1As a practical manual procedure for surface preparation, place a sheet of the paper on a flat surface, moisten it with wash
solvent, and rub the strip against the paper with a rotary motion, protecting the strip from contact with the fingers with an ashless
filter paper or by wearing disposable polyethylene gloves. Alternatively, the surface of the strip may be prepared by use of
motor-driven machines using appropriate grades of dry paper or cloth.
8.1.2Final Polishing—Remove strip from the wash solvent. Holding it in the fingers protected with the ashless filter paper,
polish first the ends and then the sides with the 105-µm (150-mesh) silicon carbide grains picked up from a clean glass plate with
a pad of cotton (cotton wool) moistened with a drop of wash solvent. Wipe vigorously with fresh pads of cotton (cotton wool) and
subsequently handle only when wearing disposable polyethylene gloves or with stainless steel forceps (see Note 2); do not touch
with naked fingers. Clamp the strip in a vise, and polish the main surfaces with silicon-carbide grains on absorbent cotton. Rub
in the direction of the long axis of the strip, carrying the stroke beyond the end of the strip before reversing the direction. Clean
all metal dust from the strip before reversing the direction. Clean all metal dust from the strip by rubbing vigorously with clean
padsofabsorbentcottonuntilafreshpadremainsunsoiled.Whenthestripisclean,immediatelyimmerseitinthepreparedsample.
8.1.1.1 Asapracticalmanualprocedureforsurfacepreparation,placeasheetofthepaperonaflatsurface,moistenitwithwash
solvent, and rub the strip against the paper with a rotary motion, protecting the strip from contact with the fingers or by wearing
D 4048 – 02 (2008)
impervious gloves (see Note 1). Alternatively, the surface of the strip may be prepared by use of motor-driven machines using
appropriate grades of dry paper or cloth.
NOTE2—Caution, forceps can scratch copper, affecting the results. 1—Disposable polyethylene is one type of glove that has been found to be
satisfactory.However,anytypeofglovethatisimpervioustothereagentsandmaterialsusedinthistestmethod,whilepreventingfingersfromcontacting
the strip directly, may also be used.
8.1.2 Final Polishing—Remove strip from the wash solvent. Holding it in the fingers protected with the ashless filter paper,
polish first the ends and then the sides with the 105-µm (150-mesh) silicon carbide grains picked up from a clean glass plate with
a pad of cotton (cotton wool) moistened with a drop of wash solvent. Wipe vigorously with fresh pads of cotton (cotton wool) and
subsequently handle only when wearing impervious gloves (see Note 1) or with stainless steel forceps; do not touch with naked
fingers. Clamp the strip in a vise, and polish the main surfaces with silicon-carbide grains on absorbent cotton. Rub in the direction
of the long axis of the strip, carrying the stroke beyond the end of the strip before reversing the direction. Clean all metal dust from
the strip before reversing the direction. Clean all metal dust from the strip by rubbing vigorously with clean pads of absorbent
cotton until a fresh pad remains unsoiled. When the strip is clean, immediately immerse it in the prepared sample.
(Warning—Forceps can scratch copper, affecting the results.)
8.1.2.1 It is important to polish the whole surface of the strip uniformly to obtain a uniformly stained strip. If the edges show
wear (surface elliptical), they will likely show more corrosion than the center. The use of a vise will facilitate uniform polishing.
9. Procedure
9.1 Place about 60 mL (about 50 to 70 g, depending on its specific gravity) of grease sample into the bottom of a clean test jar
(see 6.1.).). Bring the depth of the grease to about 80 mm (3.2 in.). Tap the grease down into the jar carefully. Smooth the top to
give a relatively flat surface. Wipe excess grease off the jar walls.
9.2 Topreventtouchingthestripwithfingers,weardisposablepolyethyleneimperviousgloves(seeNote1)orusestainlesssteel
forceps (see Note 2); forceps; and insert cleaned copper strip into the grease until it touches the bottom of the tube and is
completely immersed and covered by at least 5 mm (0.2 in.) of grease.
9.3Place9.3 Cover the jar in a rack so it is supported approximately vertically and cover itjar(s) loosely with a beaker, crucible,
watch glass, or vented cork (see 6.2).
9.4 Place rack with the samplesjar(s) in an oven or liquid bath so that they are supported approximately vertical. Regulate the
oven or liquid bath to maintain a specified temperature for a specified period of time. Commonly used conditions are 100 6 1°C
(212 6 2°F) for 24 h 6 5 min.
9.5 At the end of the test period, remove the rack of samplesjar(s) from the oven or liquid bath and allow them to cool to room
temperature.
9.6 Strip Examination:
9.6.1Wearing disposable polyethylene gloves or using stainless steel forceps (see Note 2), remove the strip from the grease and
immediatelyimmerseitinwashsolvent.Withdrawthestripatonce,drywithquantitativefilterpaperbyblottingandnotbywiping,
and inspect for evidence of tarnishing or corrosion by comparison with the Copper Strip Corrosion Standards. Hold both the test
strip and the standard strip plaque in such a manner that light reflected from them at an angle of approximately 45° will be
observed.
9.6.2In handling the test strip during the inspection and comparison, the danger of marking or staining can be avoided if it is
inserted in a flat tube (see Appendix Test Method D130
9.6.1 Wearing impervious gloves (see Note 1), or using stainless steel forceps, remove the strip from the grease, and careful
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.